China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
Bacteria are identified or speciated by using a series of physical characteristics (see Figure 3.8). Some of these are listed below. Gram reaction to staining with crystal violet: Gram-positive bacteria stain purple due to their thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall retaining the dye, while Gram-negative bacteria stain red, because their thinner peptidoglycan wall does not retain the crystal violet dye during the decolouring process. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria respond differently to antibiotics.Cell shape: Bacteria can be cocci, bacilli or spirals.Atmospheric preference: Organisms are aerobic, requiring oxygen, or anaerobic, requiring an atmosphere with very little or no oxygen. Organisms that grow in either atmosphere are known as facultative anaerobes.Requirement for special media or intracellular growth.
Application of Next-Generation Plant-Derived Nanobiofabricated Drugs for the Management of Tuberculosis
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Muhammad Akram, Kadiri Oseni, Ajayi Kolawole Temidayo, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Akinola Samson Olayinka, Olerimi Samson E, Wilson Nwankwo, Iram Ghaffar, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji
Differential diagnosis between mycobacterial species is typically made in positive cultures based on phenotypic and biochemical traits. Currently, the conventional diagnostic methods used are bacilloscopy and microbiological culture, but the main method for bacilli detection is the Ziehl–Neelsen-specific staining technique, though it has a very low sensitivity despite its low cost and simplicity (Riello et al., 2016). The microbiological culture of Mtb is generally used in suspected pulmonary cases and in negative bacilloscopy. Culture allows for Mtb detection by culture isolation for subsequent identification of the isolated complex; it is, however, time-consuming due to slow growth of Mtb and has limited sensitivity (Dunn et al., 2016; Riello et al., 2016).
Animal Tuberculosis
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
Another group of individuals at risk are those who work regularly in close contact with infected cattle, for example, farm workers, abattoir workers, and veterinary surgeons. M. bovis bacilli can be aerosolized and infected particles be easily inhaled by humans or other cattle in close contact, in addition to oral transmission by infected milk.
Bacterial sulfidogenic community from the surface of technogenic materials in vitro: composition and biofilm formation
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Nataliia Tkachuk, Liubov Zelena
In sulfidogenic microbial communities there are close trophic relationships with bacteria of other physiological groups (Netrusov et al. 2004). Thus, it is known that an important component of sulfidogenic groups is acid-producing bacteria, which produce organic acids used by SRB in metabolic processes (Soracco et al. 1988). Increasing attention has been focused on studying the role of representatives of the genus Bacillus in the biodegradation of technogenic materials, in particular plastics (Tkachuk and Zelena 2021). Representatives of the genus Bacillus can also be considered as organic acid-producing bacteria, since their ability to form a number of organic acids is known, for example, malic, lactic, acetic, citric, succinic, propionic and butyric acids (Yan et al. 2013; Zhong et al. 2017), in particular by Bacillus velezensis − 3-methylbutanoic acid (Choub et al. 2022), isovalerate, lactate, acetate, citrate, succinate and a number of amino acids (Zhou et al. 2023). Bacilli are known both as biodeteriorable/biodegradable and biocontrolling agents (Tkachuk and Zelena 2021). In particular, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus gottheilii are known biodegraders of PET in the aquatic environment (Auta et al. 2017).
Diagnostic performance of urine analysis based on flow microimaging and artificial intelligence recognition technology in suspected urinary tract infection patients
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Feng Dong, Yong Yao, Yanyan Chen, Yu Guo, Chao Jing, Jun Wu
MUS-3600 performance was evaluated using suspensions of E. coli ATCC25922 and S. aureus ATCC25923. Good classification of bacilli and cocci and counting ability was shown by comparison with standard urinary culture. Bacillus counts met the regression analysis requirement (a = 0.9849; R2=0.9896; Figure 1). Only bacilli could be detected in samples B1-B7 but cocci were present giving the proportional relation (a = 1.9141) shown in Figure 2. Graphic recognition may identify the two ends of a bacillus as dots during the focusing process and mistakenly identify the dots as cocci when their diameters meet. Samples (C1–C7), containing cocci, displayed a good linear regression (a = 0.9601, R2=0.9965). In similar manner to that seen with the bacilli, when cocci were nondispersed and associated into rods or chains, they may be misidentified as bacilli. However, misidentification remained at a low level (40–100 μl).
Animal Models of Ocular Tuberculosis: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Soumyava Basu, Narsing Rao, Paul Elkington
Several interesting inferences can be drawn from these data, besides the obvious dissemination of Mtb from the lungs to the eye to induce granulomatous inflammation in the first group. First, there is a lag period of at least two weeks, from the time of alveolar infection to the dissemination to other organs. As noted in a subsequent study, these two weeks are characterized by exponential multiplication of bacilli in the lungs, after which there is a stable population.17 Whether the bacilli are packaged into professional phagocytes during this period, or they are transported as extracellular organisms during dissemination, remains unknown. Also unknown is the impact of development of adaptive immunity against Mtb (which also requires at least two weeks) on the extent of dissemination.18 Second, even if Mtb infection in lungs is controlled by anti-TB therapy, bacterial products/antigens may be sufficient to induce inflammation, albeit mild, in the eye (as seen in Group 2). This finding correlates to an extent with earlier studies, where dead bacilli, injected locally or systemically, were able to induce granulomatous inflammation in the eye. An important caveat in this model is that the guinea pig retina is devoid of blood vessels, and therefore retinal vascular inflammation, a common manifestation of human ocular TB, could not be studied. It would have been interesting if control eyes of animals with no ocular infection, and other extrapulmonary organs of infected animals (treated and untreated), were also examined in the study.