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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Periodontal disease is generated by microorganisms which may enter the general circulation causing a bacteremia. Some species of these microorganism have been identified as high-risk pathogens. Those high-risk pathogens are currently understood as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). High-risk pathogens may adversely influence the atherosclerosis pathogenesis triad in three distinct ways. High-risk periodontal pathogens affect serum lipoprotein concentration, endothelial permeability and lipoprotein binding in the intima. Strong evidence also supports that periodontal bacteria affect vascular elasticity, lipid concentration, vascular biomarkers, HDL efflux and endothelial function. Therefore, the dental community has a substantial opportunity to assist in mitigating the number one cause of morbidity and mortality, namely cardiovascular disease, by effective management of periodontal disease and reduction or elimination of those high-risk pathogens.79–81
Commensal Flora
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Poor dental hygiene is a risk factor for periodontitis involving bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been linked to highly aggressive periodontitis. Transient bacterial translocation from oropharynx into the bloodstream is common. Poor dental hygiene and dental procedures are known contributors. Although often asymptomatic, in the presence of an abnormal heart valve, such bacteraemia can cause endocarditis. Common causes of endocarditis are viridans streptococci and bacteria from the HACEK group, all of which are part of the oropharyngeal commensal flora.
Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
P. S. Manoharan, Praveen Rajesh
Bacterial infections contribute to a major deal in the dental, oral, and general health of the individual. Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most common diseases of the oral cavity. The disease-causing microorganisms seem to exhibit a definite site specific pathogenicity. Streptococcus mutans—a caries-producing microorganism causes lesion only when on the tooth structure. Lactobacillus acidophilus is commonly seen in deep carious lesions. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are associated with periodontal infections when present on enamel structure, was not found to be cariogenic. But species particular to caries or periodontal disease are not isolated, although associations were present (Aas et al., 2005). The complexity of the oral environment demands the study of pathogens to be carried out as a consortium of microorganisms. Culture-independent molecular techniques, site, and subject specificity of the microorganisms seem to play a major role in isolating the etiology and understanding the behavior of the bacterial infections (Loesche et al., 1992). Periodontal disease is not a universal phenomenon. It is surprising that severe forms of this disease affect a group of population who are abnormally susceptible (Genco and Borgnakke, 2013).
A review of co-culture models to study the oral microenvironment and disease
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Sophie E Mountcastle, Sophie C Cox, Rachel L Sammons, Sara Jabbari, Richard M Shelton, Sarah A Kuehne
A number of innovative studies utilised 2D co-culture systems to study the adhesion and invasion of epithelial cells by key oral pathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (a. actinomycetemcomitans, formerly Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) is a bacterium associated with aggressive periodontitis. Mintz and Fives-Taylor [22,23] applied a. actinomycetemcomitans to an oral cancer cell line under different conditions and highlighted that adhesion is affected by both host (saliva, serum) and culture (pH) conditions. Using a similar approach, Yilmaz et al. [24] cultured primary gingival epithelial cells and introduced P. gingivalis and its fimbriae-deficient mutant, demonstrating that P. gingivalis fimbriae promote adhesion to gingival epithelial cells through interaction with β1 integrins. In a later study, Yilmaz et al. [25] showed that P. gingivalis is capable of targeting specific epithelial cell pathways during invasion and can adapt to an intracellular environment. They suggested that disease may ensue from a disruption of the balance between the bacteria and host cells by factors that may trigger virulence or lead to host-immune-mediated tissue damage [25]. Studies like these are essential to determine key proteins and interactions involved in oral pathogenesis, which could potentially provide targets for future treatments.
Sabinene suppresses growth, biofilm formation, and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans by inhibiting cariogenic virulence factors
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Bog-Im Park, Beom-Su Kim, Kang-Ju Kim, Yong-Ouk You
In summary, we observed the inhibitory effects of sabinene on the growth, acid production, biofilm formation, and adherence of S. mutans. These anti-cariogenic properties are regulated by several genes encoding virulence factors. Our findings suggest that sabinene has the potential to be used for the prevention of dental caries caused by S. mutans. Our study highlights the possible application of sabinene in oral healthcare products such as toothpaste; further studies are warranted to test these applications. Many types of bacteria cause other diseases in the oral cavity. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is known among several other bacteria to cause periodontitis. Therefore, further studies should also explore the effects of sabinene on the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans and other periodontopathogens.
Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans induces apoptosis and production of proinflammatory cytokines via TLR2 in murine macrophages RAW 264.7 in vitro
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2018
Riikka Ihalin, Kjell Eneslätt, Sirkka Asikainen
Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease which destroys tooth-supporting tissues; however, it may also correlate with the development of systemic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases when bacteria and their inflammatory components are released to the circulation from inflamed periodontal pockets [1]. Gram-negative species are over-represented in periodontitis compared to healthy periodontium microbiota. Thus, the spread of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from periodontal pockets eliciting systemic inflammatory host responses has been suggested to accelerate atherogenesis [2]. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative oral bacterium which is a major pathogen in aggressive periodontitis, especially in populations with North-West African descent when colonized by the highly leukotoxic serotype b JP2-clone of the bacterium. Thus, it has extensively been used as a model species in studies investigating the etiopathogenesis of this disease. Although A. actinomycetemcomitans is an oral bacterium, it can cause severe non-oral infections such as endocarditis and abscesses in brains and lungs on rare occasions [3–5]. LPS is the best-known pro-inflammatory outer membrane component in A. actinomycetemcomitans [6–8].