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Respiratory system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
7.15. In acute bronchiolitis in a 6-month-oId infantthe neutrophil count is a good guide to aetiology.oxygen should be used cautiously because of danger of producing hypercapnia.Haemophilus influenzae is the most common pathogen.antibiotic treatment has been demonstrated to be effective.respiratory rate and excursion are useful guides to severity of illness.
Meningitis
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The majority of community acquired bacterial meningitis cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Haemophilus influenzae has become a much less frequent cause since the introduction of the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. The overall efficacy of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against pneumococcal meningitis is about 50%. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) and Escherichia coli are the main causes of neonatal meningitis. Listeria monocytogenes can be seen in patients aged 50 years or older. Its incidence is decreasing, presumably due to better awareness, increased hygiene and a decrease in food contamination.
Acute Laryngeal Infections
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
In addition to acute epiglottitis, other manifestations of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infection include meningitis, septic arthritis, septicaemia, pneumonia and osteomyelitis. Serious infections are usually caused by the capsulated forms, serotypes a to f. However, type b was responsible for more than 85% of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infection prior to immunization.15 It has been estimated that, prior to the introduction of immunization, Hib meningitis accounted for 50% of Hib infections, epiglottitis being the next most common presentation.28
Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in the era of conjugate vaccines: critical factors for successful eradication
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Mary Slack, Susanna Esposito, Hervé Haas, Attila Mihalyi, Michael Nissen, Piyali Mukherjee, Lauriane Harrington
Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus causing a variety of diseases, from otitis media and sinusitis to invasive diseases, such as meningitis and bacteremic pneumonia. Of the 6 known serotypes (a–f), serotype b (Hib) accounted for 95% of all H. influenzae invasive disease in the pre-vaccine era [1]. At that time Hib was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children <5 years of age, with more than 83% of cases occurring in children aged <2 years [2]. Although it has decreased over the last three decades, the burden of Hib disease remains significant. In 2015, among children younger than 5 years, there were an estimated 340,000 cases of severe Hib infection globally, with the majority (76%) presenting as pneumonia, and 29,600 deaths attributed to Hib [3].
Emerging therapeutic targets and preclinical models for severe asthma
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Izabela Galvão, Richard Y. Kim, Sijie Shen, Kurtis F. Budden, Angélica T. Vieira, Philip M. Hansbro
Haemophilus influenzae is one of the commonest pathogens isolated from the airways of patients with neutrophilic asthma [55]. In order to investigate if asthma patients are more susceptible to infection or whether infections drive neutrophilic asthma pathogenesis, we developed a new mouse model whereby mice were infected with Haemophilus influenzae during or after sensitization to Ova [56]. The effects of infection on key features of AAD were assessed. Haemophilus infection in AAD reduced eosinophilic inflammation, Ova-induced IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-γ responses, and AHR. Infected, allergic mice had increased neutrophil influx into the airways that was associated with increased production of KC and MIP2 in the lungs. Moreover, infection also induced Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production from several cell types, including macrophages and neutrophils [57]. Most importantly, Haemophilus infection drives changes in the experimental asthma phenotype that are reminiscent of severe, neutrophilic asthma in humans, including aberrant innate immune responses and steroid resistance of key disease features [56].
Vaccine communication in the age of COVID-19: Getting ready for an information war
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2020
Worldwide, vaccine hesitancy is becoming common and has been reported by approximately 90% of countries [3]. Vaccine hesitancy and refusal have been associated with outbreaks of Haemophilus Influenza type B (HiB), varicella, pneumococcus, measles, and pertussis [4,5], which are all severe and life-threatening vaccine-preventable diseases. In 2019, ‘influenza vaccination coverage [in the United States] decreased by more than 6 percentage points in adults, with only around 37% getting vaccinated [6].’ These trends may explain the recent higher rates of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as in the case of the 2019 measles outbreak in New York City [5] and the overall 30% increase in measles cases worldwide [7], as well as the substantial number of hospitalizations (including among children) and deaths attributable to influenza during the 2019–2020 season [8].