China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Conjunctiva
Published in Mostafa Khalil, Omar Kouli, The Duke Elder Exam of Ophthalmology, 2019
Omar Kouli, Mostafa Khalil, Rizwan Malik
This is a rare condition caused by various bacterial, fungal and viral agents, most notably Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease). The syndrome is characterized by a granulomatous unilateral conjunctivitis with ipsilateral preauricular lymphadenopathy associated with a low-grade fever.
Benign Neck Disease
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Ricard Simo, Jean-Pierre Jeannon, Enyinnaya Ofo
Several antibiotics such as gentamicin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, and especially azithromycin which is associated with rapid resolution, have been advocated.65 However, antibiotic use in cat scratch disease without systemic symptoms remains controversial given that infections may resolve without treatment.
Ciprofloxacin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason Kwong, M. Lindsay Grayson
Ciprofloxacin appears to be effective in the treatment of cat scratch disease, which is caused by B. henselae. Holley (1991) described five adults with probable cat scratch disease who improved within a few days of commencing ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily; none relapsed. Margileth (1992) also found ciprofloxacin to be effective in a retrospective review of patients treated for cat scratch disease. Lucey et al. (1992) described two immunocompetent patients with B. henselae bacteremia in which the isolates were studied in vitro and found to be inhibited by 2 μg/ml ciprofloxacin and 4 μg/ml norfloxacin, but to be resistant to nalidixic acid. Most cases of cat scratch disease in immunocompetent patients resolve spontaneously and do not require antimicrobial therapy, and macrolides have become the drugs of choice where treatment is indicated (see Chapter 62, Azithromycin).
Clinical Features and Multimodal Imaging in Atypical Posterior Uveitis Secondary to Bartonella Henselae Infection
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Zachary A. Koretz, Anna Apostolopoulou, Edwin Chen, Oliver Beale, Peter Veldkamp, John Alex Viehman, José-Alain Sahel, Jay Chhablani, Kunal K. Dansingani, Marie-Hélène Errera, Gabrielle R. Bonhomme
Cat-scratch disease is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the gram-negative bacillus Bartonella henselae. Transmission occurs through scratches, bites, and fleas from infected cats, which serve as the main reservoir for the bacterium.1 Cat-scratch disease often presents with fevers and regional lymphadenopathy but presentation is variable, ranging from cutaneous lesions to disseminated disease affecting visceral organs and the nervous system. The two main ocular manifestations of cat scratch disease are Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome and neuroretinitis. The former occurs in about 5% of patients and presents as tender lymphadenopathy of the face or neck alongside infectious conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or regional cellulitis caused by inoculation of Bartonella into or around the eye.2 On the other hand, neuroretinitis—optic disc edema associated with macular hard exudates—is a relatively rare manifestation of cat-scratch disease, occurring in 1–2% of patients.2 The main symptom is decreased vision, and posterior segment findings may include retinal or choroidal white lesions, optic disc edema, stellate macular exudates, retinal vascular occlusions, or cotton wool spots.3–6 In a retrospective case series, Solley et al. described 24 cases of posterior uveitis secondary to cat-scratch disease. Eighty-three percent of these patients had 1–3 discrete white retinal or choroidal lesions, while 17% had none. In more than half the patients, there was coexistent disc edema and macular exudates.5
A Case of Neuroretinitis Following COVID-19 Vaccination
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Neuroretinitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the retina and optic nerve.3,4 In most cases, only one eye is affected, and bilateral cases are rare.3 In some cases, specific infectious agents have been identified, and the majority of these cases are caused by Bartonella henselae, which causes cat-scratch disease. Other infectious diseases including syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and Lyme disease have also been implicated, while 50% of neuroretinitis cases are idiopathic, also known as Leber’s idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis.4 Some cases present with flu-like prodromes, suggesting that their etiology is an infection by an unidentified pathogen or an infection-induced autoimmune response.5
Cat scratch disease causing encephalitis
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Our patient had a classic presentation of cat scratch disease, including an isolated lymph node, fever, and exposure to cats. However, this immunocompetent healthy young man quickly progressed to encephalitis. Interestingly, neurologic manifestations were previously believed to be a consequence of immunocompromise. However, more recent evidence suggests that even healthy individuals develop neurologic complications in a small number of cases. Our patient responded well to doxycycline and rifampin for 14 days. When he followed up in the clinic, he had no neurologic complications.