China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Imran Rizvi, Ravindra Kumar Garg
Bartonella henselae is a gram-negative bacteria, which is known to cause the zoonotic cat-scratch disease.42 The Bartonella henselae organism is transmitted by the infected cats, through bites, licks or abrasions.42 The cat-scratch disease usually manifests with a flu-like syndrome along with tender lymphadenitis.43 Ocular involvement is described in 5 to 10% of patients.44 The ocular involvement in cat-scratch disease is common. There is a gap of about 4 weeks between inoculation and development of ocular complications. Neuroretinitis is the most common and most characteristic ocular complication.45 Patients can have vision loss, RAPD, color desaturation and visual field abnormalities. The fundus examination shows optic disc edema along with macular star formation. In majority of patients, vision recovers following treatment.46,47 The indirect fluorescent antibody test, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), Western blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays are used for the laboratory diagnosis.42,43 The treatment guidelines are not clear. Usually patients are treated with doxycycline.48 Alternatively, rifampicin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have also been used.49
Animal Bites
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Cats are the main reservoir of Bartonella henselae, which causes cat scratch disease. It can be transmitted via cat scratches or bites. Clinical presentation can range from lymphadenopathy to fulminant infections. Like capnocytophagosis, people with a compromised immune system, classically in those who develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are at risk of serious infections.
Benign Neck Disease
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Ricard Simo, Jean-Pierre Jeannon, Enyinnaya Ofo
Serological testing for Bartonella henselae is both sensitive and specific for cat scratch disease.64, 65 More recently polymerase chain reaction RNA of the bacteria has been used for diagnosis.65
Clinical Features and Multimodal Imaging in Atypical Posterior Uveitis Secondary to Bartonella Henselae Infection
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Zachary A. Koretz, Anna Apostolopoulou, Edwin Chen, Oliver Beale, Peter Veldkamp, John Alex Viehman, José-Alain Sahel, Jay Chhablani, Kunal K. Dansingani, Marie-Hélène Errera, Gabrielle R. Bonhomme
Our clinical decision-making and differential diagnosis was achieved through a combination of her ocular findings, clinical manifestations, and key aspects of her social and exposure history. This led us to consider a broad differential of infectious (Table 1) and non-infectious etiologies. As detailed above, all the relevant diagnostic tests were negative except Bartonella henselae serologies. The standard diagnostic assay for Bartonella henselae is IFA with a reflex to IFA titer and, to our knowledge, there is no confirmatory assay such as a Western blot for B. henselae in common use. Therefore, to solidify the diagnosis of bartonellosis and minimize the possibility of false positive results, it is of paramount importance to repeat the serologic testing in 4 weeks in order to demonstrate resolution of the IgM titers and increase in IgG titers (convalescence). Our patient’s initial Bartonella henselae IgG titers were only borderline elevated, similar to other cases of Bartonella neuroretinitis reported in the literature.21 Her convalescent titers, however, showed a 4-fold elevation of IgG at 38 days and thus supported the diagnosis. Therefore, we would like to emphasize the diagnostic importance of obtaining convalescent titers when evaluating patients with suspected Bartonellosis, particularly those with atypical presentations.22
Management of Intraocular Infections in HIV
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Ilaria Testi, Sarakshi Mahajan, Rupesh Agrawal, Aniruddha Agarwal, Alessandro Marchese, Andre Curi, Moncef Khairallah, Yee Sin Leo, Quan Dong Nguyen, Vishali Gupta
Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat-scratch disease and, in immunocompromised patients, of bacillary angiomatosis. Ocular complications associated with the infection have been reported in immunocompetent patients and less often in HIV patients.110111112–113 Bartonella infection in HIV-infected patients usually presents differently from the typical presentation of neuroretinitis. Due to the relationship between the bacteria and vascular endothelium, the response tends to be vasoproliferative. Vasoproliferative lesions can be seen both in the skin (bacillary angiomatosis) and in the retina.110 Diagnosis is based on serologic tests in peripheral blood and titers of IgG >1/256 are considered acute or recent infection.114
A Case of Neuroretinitis Following COVID-19 Vaccination
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Neuroretinitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the retina and optic nerve.3,4 In most cases, only one eye is affected, and bilateral cases are rare.3 In some cases, specific infectious agents have been identified, and the majority of these cases are caused by Bartonella henselae, which causes cat-scratch disease. Other infectious diseases including syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and Lyme disease have also been implicated, while 50% of neuroretinitis cases are idiopathic, also known as Leber’s idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis.4 Some cases present with flu-like prodromes, suggesting that their etiology is an infection by an unidentified pathogen or an infection-induced autoimmune response.5