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Burkholderia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Danielle L. Peters, Jaclyn G. McCutcheon, Karlene H. Lynch, Jonathan J. Dennis
The genus Burkholderia covers a diverse group of gram-negative β-proteobacteria, with at least 60 recognized or proposed species. Research to date has mostly focused on the pathogenicity of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. The Bcc includes more than 20 species that cause serious infections in plants, animals, and humans.1–3 However, these organisms can also be beneficial toward humans and crops as they fix nitrogen, produce antibiotics and antifungals, and degrade organic compounds.4–6B. pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a disease with a variety of symptoms,7 while B. mallei causes glanders, an infection of horses that is rarely transmitted to humans.8
Recent advances in lipopolysaccharide-based glycoconjugate vaccines
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Henderson Zhu, Christine S. Rollier, Andrew J. Pollard
While most vaccines are injected, alternative routes of vaccine administration to injection may lead to improved vaccine responses [173]. Oral and nasal administration of vaccines has been successful of inducing mucosal immunity. Intramuscular injection is effective in inducing antibodies in the blood, including IgM and IgG, which are thought to be protective against the spread of bacteria within circulation, but, might offer weaker protection at the sites of primary entry, such as the respiratory tract and the gut mucosa [174]. These sites of primary entry would require the production of IgA or transfer of IgG from the blood to provide a robust mucosal immunity [173]. Intranasal administration of LPS-AuNP glycoconjugate against Burkholderia mallei showed complete protection against a mouse lethal challenge model, which has also highlighted that novel nanoparticle-based carriers can cross mucosal barriers and inducing a strong immune response [94]. Similarly, PLGA-NPs can induce immune responses intranasally; however, the immune responses correlated with the size of the molecule [175]. A potential caveat to the intranasal administration of LPS-based glycoconjugates is the role of LPS in asthma and pulmonary inflammation. In mouse models, inhaled LPS was shown to recruit eosinophils and neutrophils to the lungs and induce T helper 2 (Th2) lung inflammation in a dose-dependent manner [176,177].
Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
An interesting vaccination schedule against glanders, a disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, was proposed by Gregory et al. [135]. GNPs (average diameter, 15 nm) were first covalently bound to recombinant protein carriers – the Hc fragment of tetanus toxin, the hemolysin coregulated protein produced by both B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, and the flagellin produced by B. pseudomallei. The conjugates so prepared were functionalized with purified LPS from a nonvirulent B. thailandensis strain. Mice were immunized three times intranasally, and the dose used was 0.93 μg. The GNP/protein/LPS conjugates generated significantly higher antibody titers than did native LPS. In addition, they improved protection against a lethal inhalation challenge of B. mallei in the murine model of infection. The proposed scheme in the form of aerosol immunization was successfully tested on rhesus monkeys [136]. a similar approach was developed for vaccination against B. pseudomallei myeloidosis [137]. Mice immunized three times subcutaneously with GNPs/protein/LPS generated high-titer antibodies. Importantly, the immunized animals survived nearly 100% and their lungs were less contaminated with bacteria after a lethal infection with B. pseudomallei.
Omadacycline in treating community-based infections: a review and expert perspective
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
George Sakoulas, Michael Nowak, Matthew Geriak
Against bio-threat pathogens, omadacycline has demonstrated in vitro activity against collections of Bacillus anthracis (MIC90 0.06 µg/mL), Yersinia pestis (MIC90 1 µg/mL), Francisella tularensis (MIC90 2 µg/mL), Burkholderia mallei (MIC90 0.25 µg/mL) [42,43].