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Burkholderia
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Danielle L. Peters, Jaclyn G. McCutcheon, Karlene H. Lynch, Jonathan J. Dennis
B. mallei causes glanders, a disease of horses that rarely is also transmitted to humans. The symptoms vary depending on the route of transmission, but can include pneumonia, skin lesions, and septic shock similar to melioidosis.49 Horses generally become infected following ingestion of B. mallei introduced into their food and water by other infected horses.49 Humans may also become infected via ingestion due to drinking untreated water.50 As a result of stringent measures implemented to control the spread of glanders, this condition has not been seen in Western countries since 1939 (except following an accidental laboratory exposure).51,52 There are concerns, however, that both B. pseudomallei and B. mallei could be released as bioterrorism agents.53 As both of these Burkholderia species are Category B biological agents based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification, it suggests that these species could be purposely introduced into the food supply as an act of terrorism, in contrast to normal food safety concerns.53,54
G
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Glanders A primary disease of horses but fatal in humans. A complete account was given by a veterinarian, Philibert Chabert (1734–1814) of Paris, in 1782. John Elliotson (1791–1868) showed its communicability to man in 1830. It was also shown to be contagious by Pierre François Olive Rayer (1793–1867) in 1837. The causative organism, pfiefferella mallei, was identified by Friedrich August Johannes Löffler (1852–1915) in 1882. German bacteriologist, Johann Wilhelm Schultz (1839–1920) of the Berlin Veterinary School succeeded in cultivating the organism from a horse dying of glanders in 1886. It was eradicated from England in 1928.
REGISTRATION OF BlRTHS AND DEATHS
Published in Sir Arthur Newsholme, The Elements of Vital Statistics (Routledge Revivals), 2016
Scarlet Fever. Typhus. Relapsing Fever. Influenza. Whooping Cough. Mumps. Diphtheria. Cerebro-Spinal Fever. Simple and Ill-Defined Fever. Enteric Fever. Other Miasmatic Diseases. Diarrhmal DiseasesCholera. Diarrhma, Dysentery. Malarial DiseasesRemittent Fever. Ague. Zoogenous DiseasesHydrophobia. Glanders. Splenic Fever. Cowpox and other Effects of Vaccination. Venereal DiseasesSyphilis. Gonorrhma, Stricture of Urethra. Septic DiseasesPhagedmna. Erysipelas. Pymmia, Septicmmia. Puerperal Fever.
Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
An interesting vaccination schedule against glanders, a disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, was proposed by Gregory et al. [135]. GNPs (average diameter, 15 nm) were first covalently bound to recombinant protein carriers – the Hc fragment of tetanus toxin, the hemolysin coregulated protein produced by both B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, and the flagellin produced by B. pseudomallei. The conjugates so prepared were functionalized with purified LPS from a nonvirulent B. thailandensis strain. Mice were immunized three times intranasally, and the dose used was 0.93 μg. The GNP/protein/LPS conjugates generated significantly higher antibody titers than did native LPS. In addition, they improved protection against a lethal inhalation challenge of B. mallei in the murine model of infection. The proposed scheme in the form of aerosol immunization was successfully tested on rhesus monkeys [136]. a similar approach was developed for vaccination against B. pseudomallei myeloidosis [137]. Mice immunized three times subcutaneously with GNPs/protein/LPS generated high-titer antibodies. Importantly, the immunized animals survived nearly 100% and their lungs were less contaminated with bacteria after a lethal infection with B. pseudomallei.
Emerging role of biologics for the treatment of melioidosis and glanders
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Daniel Tapia, Javier I. Sanchez-Villamil, Alfredo G. Torres
Melioidosis and glanders are two potentially life-threatening diseases caused by the Gram-negative organisms, Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) and B. mallei (Bm), respectively [1–3]. These genetically related pathogens are facultative intracellular bacteria with the ability to infect both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells, thereby effectively evading the host immune response [4]. Bpm is a motile saprophytic bacterium capable of infecting a wide variety of mammalian, as well as non-mammalian host species and which can survive in the environment for extended periods of time [3,5]. In contrast, Bm is a non-motile bacterium, which requires an animal host to survive and its host tropism is limited to equines [4]. The endemicity of Bpm is well documented in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia; however, predictive modeling has estimated the global burden of Bpm to be positioned in countries along the tropics with an estimate of 165,000 new cases annually of which approximately 89,000 are fatal [3,6]. Melioidosis can be contracted by inhalation, cutaneous inoculation, or ingestion of soil-contaminated food or water [5]. Infections associated with Bpm can result in a broad spectrum of symptomology ranging from acute pneumonia, skin or organ abscesses, septicemia, or chronic infection, often depending on the route of infection [5]. The estimated case fatality rate for melioidosis ranges from 10% to 50% depending on the geographical region and availability of treatment and from those that survived, approximately 5–28% experience reoccurring infections [3]. In contrast, glanders is a zoonotic disease with high transmissibility between solipeds (horses, donkeys, and mules) [2,7]. Although glanders was eradiated from a large portion of the Western Hemisphere in the late twentieth century, the disease remains endemic in Western Asia, India, Africa, and South America, with focal outbreaks still occurring [7,8]. Today, glanders is primarily an occupational disease where infections can occur when individuals come in contact with infected animals [8]. Like melioidosis, both equines and humans can present a range of clinical signs depending on the route of infection [2]. Disease with Bm can present as a pulmonary infection with nasal discharge, referred to as glanders; or cutaneous infection, known as farcy, which can develop as either acute or chronic infections [2,7]. The high mortality, common routes of transmission and the ability for aerosolization with the capability of infecting both humans and animals, has resulted in the dual classification of both Bpm and Bm as Tier 1 Select Agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [9]. There are currently no available vaccines for humans or animals and the treatment options though limited, include a biphasic antibiotic therapy which can last up to 6 months [2,3].