China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Hyperparathyroidism
Published in Pallavi Iyer, Herbert Chen, Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders in Children, 2020
Kimberly Ramonell, Erin Partington Buczek
Primary HPT is the most common type of HPT in the pediatric population. Among children and adolescents with primary HPT, the most common etiology is a parathyroid adenoma. Similar to adults, the majority are single-gland disease with multiple adenomas being rare. Parathyroid adenomas develop due to somatic mutations in I-cells leading to clonal proliferation and excessive autologous PTH production, unresponsive to the hypercalcemia negative feedback loop (5). Parathyroid hyperplasia, characterized by multi-gland disease, is seen in up to 40% of sporadic primary HPT diagnoses in children versus only 10–15% in adults (1). Both children and adults with hereditary syndromes such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) 1 and MEN2A are more likely to have four-gland hyperplasia than adenomatous disease. Table 14.1 summarizes the differential diagnosis of HPT.
General Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Rebecca Fish, Aisling Hogan, Aoife Lowery, Frank McDermott, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Yew-Wei Tan, Thomas Tsang
What is the natural history of colon cancer?The majority of colonic cancers arise from pre-existing adenomatous polyps (adenoma−carcinoma sequence).In 50% of cases, cancers arise on the left side and on 25% on the right.In 5% of cases, there are synchronous lesions.
Parathyroid disease
Published in Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa, Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
In patients where an adenomatous gland has been localised preoperatively, a minimally invasive approach can be taken to target this. This involves making a 1.5–2 cm incision over the suspected adenoma and directly dissecting down onto the abnormal gland [10]. Patients should be consented for the potential change in approach to the traditional thyroid-type incision and approach (involving mobilisation of the thyroid gland and identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerves) and exploration of all four glands in the event that the suspected adenomatous gland is found to be of normal size [11].
A detailed insight of the tumor targeting using nanocarrier drug delivery system
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sibgha Batool, Saba Sohail, Fakhar ud Din, Ali H. Alamri, Ahmad S. Alqahtani, Mohammad A. Alshahrani, Mohammed A. Alshehri, Han Gon Choi
Colorectal cancer manifests as malignant neoplasm in colon and/or rectal mucosa, which is currently fourth most widely diagnosed cancer globally (Torre et al., 2015; Cisterna et al., 2016). Environmental factors are usually responsible for genetic mutation, whereas geographical factors cause colorectal cancer in various populations of world. Colon cancer occurs due to mucosal colonic polyps, which are further classified into two histological types named as adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps. Similarly, hyperplastic polyps are composed of reduced cytoplasmic mucus but enhanced number of glandular cells (Lawrance et al., 2006). Probability to develop a colon cancer increases with the increase in number of adenomas polyps, which gets worse in case of familial adenomatous polyps or if colectomy is not performed.
Factors associated with non-lifting of colorectal mucosal lesions
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Jiang-Ping Yu, Shao-Peng Yang, Rong-Wei Ruan, Sheng-Sen Chen, Yan-Dong Li, Hai-Bin Lou, Shi Wang
Non-lifting sign is associated with procedural difficulty of ESD and increases the rates of adverse events [12,13]. In the present retrospective study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of ESD for non-lifting lesions, and described for the first time the histological features of 29 patients with non-lifting colorectal polyps resected by ESD. The result of this study showed that the en bloc resection rate for non-lifting lesions was 100%, and 25 of 29 lesions (86.2%) were curatively resected by endoscopy. In term of complications, only 1 delayed bleeding (4%) and no perforations. Patients who continued in surveillance had no residual adenomatous tissue, and no recurrence has been detected at our institution. Our findings therefore indicate that most of these non-lifting lesions can be treated through ESD safely and effectively despite the lack of lifting.
Impact of artificial intelligence on colorectal polyp detection for early-career endoscopists: an international comparative study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Diba Ainechi, Masashi Misawa, Ishita Barua, Solveig Linnea Veen Larsen, Vemund Paulsen, Kjetil Kjeldstad Garborg, Lars Aabakken, Christer Julseth Tønnesen, Magnus Løberg, Mette Kalager, Shin-Ei Kudo, Kinichi Hotta, Kazuo Ohtsuka, Shoichi Saito, Hiroaki Ikematsu, Yutaka Saito, Takahisa Matsuda, Hayato Itoh, Kensaku Mori, Michael Bretthauer, Yuichi Mori
We selected 200 colonoscopy video sequences with a length of 5 s: 100 videos without polyps and 100 with one polyp. The videos were recorded in patients aged 18 years or older who underwent colonoscopy between October 2018 and January 2019 at Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan. All patients provided informed consent for data provision for the study. Exclusion criteria were: Inflammatory bowel disease.Submucosal tumour or related disease (e.g., carcinoid, malignant lymphoma, etc.).Hereditary polyposis (e.g., familial adenomatous polyposis).Polyps which could not be identified because of artefacts (e.g., bubbles, residues, halation, etc.).Polyp consisting of fewer than 16 consecutive frames of white light image.Two or more polyps shown in a single frame.