China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Performance Analysis of Adaptive Cruise Control Using Arduino for Healthcare
Published in Govind Singh Patel, Seema Nayak, Sunil Kumar Chaudhary, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Big Data, and Internet of Things for Healthcare, 2023
Manish Pakhira, Rupali Shrivastava, Vishesh Kumar Mishra, Lokesh Varshney
This is an electronic device which can measure distance of any goal by emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converting reflected sound waves into the electronic signal. Velocity of an ultrasonic sound wave (i.e. 340 m/s) is faster than that of normal audible sound waves (i.e. 331 m/s). Ultrasonic sensors have two main components, one is a transmitter that emits ultrasonic sound waves and another is a receiver that receives the sound waves (emitted by transmitter) that hit any object. In this system, the authors have used a HS-SR04 series sensor, as shown in Figure 10.1.
Imaging Considerations in NEC Diagnosis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. It is widely available in many centers and is easily performed at the bedside. The role of ultrasound in the assessment of NEC has been investigated since the early 1980s (8–11). Ultrasound has demonstrated several advantages over AXR in the evaluation of NEC. It may be used to directly assess intestinal appearance, perfusion, and peristalsis, as well as to search the peritoneal cavity for free air, free fluid, and focal fluid collections (8, 9, 12, 13). While no standard guidelines exist for when and how frequently ultrasound should be performed, intestinal ultrasound has emerged as a useful adjunct to XR for imaging NEC, and its use has increased in the intensive care setting over the last 2 decades.
Ultrasound Doppler Studies of Blood Flow in the Pelvic Vessels
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
The measurement of blood flow velocity by ultrasound is based on the Doppler effect, which is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler (1803 to 1853). The Doppler effect implies that the frequency of a sound wave emitted from a stationary source and reflected from a moving interface changes according to the velocity and direction of the moving interface. Movements toward the source will increase the frequency of the reflected waves, and movements away from the source will decrease it. The changes of frequency are directly proportional to the velocity of the moving interface. These changes of frequency are directly proportional to the velocity of the moving interface. This change of frequency is called the Doppler shift, FD.
Usefulness of simultaneous impulse oscillometry and spirometry with airway response to bronchodilator in the diagnosis of asthmatic cough
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Namiko Taniuchi, Mitsunori Hino, Akiko Yoshikawa, Akihiko Miyanaga, Yosuke Tanaka, Masahiro Seike, Akihiko Gemma
When IOS was used to distinguish between cCVA and cBA, the differences were noted in all parameters, except for R20. Only R20, which reflects the condition of the central airways, does not differ between cCVA and cBA, implying that the main differentiation lesion is in the peripheral airways. Sound waves with higher frequencies (20 Hz) travel shorter distances and generally till the large airways. Hence, resistance at 20 Hz (R20) can be thought of as reflecting the resistance of the large airways. Lower-Fres sound waves (5 Hz) travel long distances and generally reach the small airways. Hence, the resistance at 5 Hz (R5) can be thought of as reflecting the total airway resistance. Subtracting R20 from R5 (R5–R20) reflects resistance in the small airways (31). All IOS parameters of cCVA and cBA showed a significant decrease in airway resistance after SABA inhalation. However, no significant difference was observed in the degree of improvement (ΔR5 to ΔALX). Thus, airway resistance decreased to the same extent in both cCVA and cBA after SABA inhalation, implying that CVA is a similar or a milder pathology to BA.
In Vivo Corneal Stiffness Mapping by the Stress-Strain Index Maps and Brillouin Microscopy
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
Bernardo T. Lopes, Ahmed Elsheikh
Brillouin Microscopy (BM) is an imaging modality based on the inelastic scattering that arises from the interaction of light with the medium’s inherent acoustic phonons—or density fluctuations.25 The Doppler effect that arises from the reflection of light waves by these progressive inherent sound waves denominates the Brillouin shift.25 Given that the refractive index and density of the material are known, the Brillouin frequency shift can be explicitly converted to the sample’s longitudinal modulus (M’) using the following relationship: Ω is the frequency shift of the scattered light, λ is the wavelength of the incident photons, ρ is the density of the material and n is the refractive index of the material.26 The method to estimate the longitudinal modulus assumes mechanical isotropy of corneal tissue.26
Hearing health information in Malaysian public schools: a step towards addressing a public health concern
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2021
Nur Amirah Zakaria, Nashrah Maamor, Nor Haniza Abdul Wahat
Hearing-related information was found in both elementary and secondary curriculums. Based on the contextual content of the sentences that contained the keywords, the information was divided into four main categories: a) Ear and Hearing, b) Sound, c) Hearing loss, and d) Noise. The category on Ear and hearing describes the anatomy of the normal ear and explains how the auditory system functions. The category on Sound describes the nature and the characteristics of sound waves. Hearing loss is any information related to the loss of hearing sensitivity, including its management, while the Noise category includes any information that refers to sounds as unwanted or dangerous. Information in each category was further organised into similar themes forming several subcategories to determine the educational content of each category. Contents that were not meant to teach about hearing health were removed from further analysis. After removal, 14 of the initial 148 textbooks analysed (9.5%) were found to have relevant hearing health information about sound and hearing, 4 in elementary and 10 in secondary textbooks. Four were elective subjects. Table 1 summarises the subcategories and distribution of hearing health information present across all levels according to the four main categories. Overall, there are four categories of hearing health information covering nine educational elements.