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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
The absence of lateral rectus may be associated with convergent strabismus (Macalister 1875; Whitnall 1921; Sandall and Morrison 1979; Zöller et al. 2001). Park and Oh (2003) found that an accessory lateral rectus was associated with exotropia, ptosis, pupil dilation, and limited eye movement. Symptoms associated with accessory lateral rectus muscles may be diagnosed as exotropic Duane syndrome (Pineles and Velez 2015; Neves and Curi 2019).
Specific Synonyms
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Convergence strabismus (T&D, p. 92–93) Convergent strabismus (DeJ, p. 142)Eotropia (ibid.)Internal strabismus (Snel, p. 383)
Accident and Emergency
Published in Nagi Giumma Barakat, Get Through, 2006
Refractive errors are a common cause of strabismus, and by far the commonest is hypermetropia, which produces overconvergence resulting in convergent strabismus. Myopia results in underconvergence, leading to a divergent strabismus. Squint is not caused by anxiety, worry, fear or infectious disease, although a latent squint may manifest itself during some intercurrent illness.
Association between near viewing and acute acquired esotropia in children during tablet and smartphone use
Published in Strabismus, 2022
Esther Van Hoolst, Liesbet Beelen, Ivo De Clerck, Louise Petit, Irina Balikova, Ingele Casteels, Maria Dieltiëns, Catherine Cassiman
All ten patients (eight boys and two girls) presented at our clinic with convergent strabismus and diplopia (Table 1). The onset of symptoms started between one day and two years prior and was thought to be associated with excessive tablet or smartphone use. Three children complained of an associated headache. The mean age of onset was 9.8 years (range 5–15 years). Three out of ten patients already wore spectacles (two patients with mild hyperopic correction, one patient with mild myopic correction). Two patients had a history of strabismus (esotropia): one patient was treated in the past with occlusion therapy for anisometropic amblyopia. The second patient had a history of left esotropia and secondary amblyopia. No family history of strabismus was noted, except in one patient who had a sister with esotropia. Considering their general health status, one patient had severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, one patient had known nail patella syndrome and one patient had genetically confirmed velocardiofacial syndrome.
Congenital stationary night blindness in a patient with mild learning disability due to a compound heterozygous microdeletion of 15q13 and a missense mutation in TRPM1
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
M. Delle Fave, M. Cordonnier, l. Vallee, C. Condroyer, C. Zeitz, I. Balikova
The patient was a girl of one-year old referred for ophthalmological examination because of congenital nystagmus and convergent strabismus. The nystagmus appeared before the fourth month of age. It was horizontal with low amplitude and present in all directions of gaze. The child had preserved ocular movements. Right esotropia of 30 diopters was noted. Cycloplegic refraction showed myopia and mild astigmatism of −5(−1/170°) and −5(−1/20°). Anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Ocular fundus showed findings compatible with the myopia. The patient was followed clinically and at the age of two years the strabismus was still present, while the nystagmus decreased. Correction was given for the myopia and alternating occlusion therapy was started. Best-corrected visual acuity was possible at the age of 6 y. and was 0,5 and 0,4 for the right and left eye, respectively. Nystagmus and convergent strabismus persisted. The anterior segment examination and ocular fundus remained normal.
Ocular abnormalities in a patient with congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ig
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2019
Hamed Esfandiari, Marilyn B. Mets, Katherine H. Kim, Sudhi P. Kurup
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of over a hundred diseases that are characterized by a deficiency of one of the many steps in glycan synthesis or modification pathways (1). In CDG type I there is a defect in the assembly of lipid-linked oligosaccharides or their transfer onto nascent glycoproteins. Most subtypes are extremely rare; CDG type Ia is the most common and best described subtype of CDG I and presents with developmental delay, failure to thrive, characteristic dysmorphic features, and neurological findings. Ocular abnormalities are reported in 70% of patients with CDG type Ia (5,6). Convergent strabismus is the characteristic ophthalmic finding, and retinitis pigmentosa is the most common retinal abnormality (3). Ocular abnormalities have been reported in other CDG I subtypes, including optic atrophy, cataract, retinitis pigmentosa, strabismus, nystagmus, iris coloboma, and chorioretinal coloboma (7–10).