China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
What can eye muscle studies tell us about strabismus?
Published in Jan-Tjeerd de Faber, 28th European Strabismological Association Meeting, 2020
It is not generally believed that concomitant strabismus is due to a primary abnormality of the eye muscles or the ocular motor system. The gross anatomy of EOM including the shape and position of the eye muscle pulleys was not changed in strabismus. The histology of the EOM fibers was also basically the same, but changes have been observed in the cellular and biochemical machinery of the fibers, most notably in the singly innervated orbital fibers. Functionally this was seen as slower contractions and reduced fatigue resistance of EOM in animals with strabismus and defects of binocular vision. Most likely the changes represented an adaptation to modified visual demands on the ocular motor control, due to the defects of binocular vision in strabismus from an early age. Adaptation of EOM function to visual demands could be seen also in the adult human ocular motor system, but here the effects can be reversed with treatment in some conditions. However, it is not known if the developmental modifications of EOM function seen in animals are reversible or represent an insurmountable obstacle to treatment of strabismus.
Eye
Published in A. Sahib El-Radhi, Paediatric Symptom and Sign Sorter, 2019
Strabismus – misalignment of the eyes – is a common ophthalmic problem, affecting 4%–5% of children younger than 6 years of age (Figure 9.2). It is associated with a significant negative impact on quality of life. Early detection and repair prevent visual and psychosocial dysfunction. Strabismus is diagnosed clinically, which involves examination of the corneal light reflex and cover test. It may be transient or constant, and manifest or latent. Because of different causes and treatments, it is important to divide strabismus into non-paralytic and paralytic. Non-paralytic strabismus includes inward deviation of the eyes (esophorias, commonly known as convergent or inward or crossed eyes), outward deviation of the eyes (known as exophorias, or divergent strabismus) and hyperdeviation (upward) and hypodeviation (downward) of an eye. Paralytic strabismus involves palsy of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerve. Strabismus may be a congenital (or better termed infantile, as this allows inclusion of cases of strabismus that develop within the first few months of life) or an acquired form. One of the most important and serious causes of the acquired form of strabismus is retinoblastoma.
Eye
Published in A Sahib El-Radhi, James Carroll, Paediatric Symptom Sorter, 2017
A Sahib El-Radhi, James Carroll
Strabismus, misalignment of the eyes, is a common ophthalmic problem, affecting 4%–5% of children younger than 6 years of age. Strabismus is diagnosed clinically, which involves examination of the corneal light reflex and cover test. It may be transient or constant, manifest or latent. Because of different causes and treatments, it is important to divide strabismus into non-paralytic and paralytic. Non-paralytic strabismus includes inward deviation of the eyes (esophorias, commonly known as convergent or inward or crossed eyes), outward deviation of the eyes (known as exophorias, or divergent strabismus) and hyperdeviation (upward) and hypodeviation (downward) deviation of an eye. Paralytic strabismus involves palsy of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerve. Strabismus may be congenital (or better termed ‘infantile’, as this allows inclusion of cases of strabismus that develop within the first few months of life) or acquired form. Of the most important and serious causes of the acquired form of strabismus is retinoblastoma.
Impact of visual impairment following stroke (IVIS study): a prospective clinical profile of central and peripheral visual deficits, eye movement abnormalities and visual perceptual deficits
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Fiona J. Rowe, Lauren R. Hepworth, Claire Howard, Kerry L. Hanna, Jim Currie
The profile of visual impairment following stroke has received little attention. Monocular or binocular vision loss can be an isolated presentation of stroke [9]. Reduced central vision has largely been attributed to spectacle need or eye disease but with less consideration to new onset low vision after stroke [3,10]. Homonymous hemianopia is the most common form of visual field loss due to stroke but less is reported on other types of visual field loss [11,12]. Strabismus is an ocular misalignment in which both eyes no longer coordinate as a pair and usually causes the symptoms of blurred/jumbled or double vision (diplopia). The misaligned eye may turn inwards, outwards, up, down or a combination [13]. Ocular motility abnormalities are varied following stroke and include ocular cranial nerve palsies, horizontal and vertical gaze palsies, nystagmus and deficits in saccadic, smooth pursuit and vergence eye movements. Resultant symptoms are often diplopia, oscillopsia, reading difficulty and altered vision [14].
Objective excyclotorsion in age-related distance esotropia
Published in Strabismus, 2022
A retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with ARDE who underwent fundus photography between August 2010 and April 2021 was performed. The inclusion criteria for ARDE in this study were as follows: (1) intermittent or constant horizontal uncrossed diplopia at a distance and no diplopia at near; (2) deviation of esotropia with distance fixation was less than 30 prism diopter (PD) and was greater than that with near fixation; (3) age of onset (diplopia) was over 55 years; and (4) the patient showed full ocular versions and ductions with normal saccadic eye movements. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) a history of paretic or non-paretic strabismus, (2) the presence of incomitance in esodeviation on lateral gaze or of slow abducting saccade, (3) presence of significant vertical strabismus (>4 PD), and (4) association with high myopia (refraction exceeding 9 diopter or axial length longer than 27 mm). Clinical characteristics were collected by routine ophthalmologic examination of strabismus. These included the alternate prism cover test at distance and near gaze, major amblyoscopic examinations, and Hess screen test. Eye dominance was determined with the hole-in-the-card method.
Strabismus Repair in Children with Varying Severity of Cerebral Palsy
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Roland Seif, Ghassan Hmaimess, Hoda Eid, Ibrahim Dunya
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous group of permanent, non-progressive motor disorders of movement and posture that occur as a result of damage to the brain or inadequate development of the brain.1 In 1997, Palsiano et al.2 introduced a standardized scale, the Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS), for grading the severity of CP. Children with the mildest form of CP were graded as level 1 GMFCS, while patients with the most severe form of CP were graded as level 5. There is a high prevalence of ocular problems in children with developmental disabilities as compared to children who are neurologically normal.3 In 2008, Ghasia et al.3 found that prevalence of horizontal strabismus was high at each level of CP, with primary esotropia exceeding exotropia by a ratio of 2.2:1. Different treatment options are available for those patients including botulinum toxin injections in the extraocular muscles and strabismus surgery. The main aim of this study was to determine whether the severity of CP has any effect on the ocular alignment outcome of eyes following strabismus surgery.