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Endocrine Imaging
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Thyroid lymphoma: While rare, lymphoma is a recognised thyroid pathology.Ultrasound features may be similar to those of ATC.Core biopsy is indicated to accurately categorise and differentiate from ATC.
Thyroid cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Gitta Madani, Polly S Richards
Primary lymphoma of the thyroid is rare, accounting for 1%–2% of all lymphomas and 2%–5% of all thyroid malignancies. Most thyroid lymphomas are parafollicular B-cell types. T-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma are extremely rare (19,54). This tumour predominates in females, and most affected individuals are middle-aged or older (2,14). Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) account for a minority of thyroid lymphomas and have a better prognosis than non-MALT lymphomas (54). MALT lymphomas may occur on a background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (with a reported incidence of 0.5%) and have an indolent course (54). Thyroid lymphoma tends to also involve lymph nodes and spread to the gastrointestinal tract, and it is sensitive to chemo- and radiotherapy.
Imaging in head and neck surgery
Published in Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa, Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Thyroid lymphoma may clinically present similar to anaplastic but is prognostically much better. CT imaging will demonstrate a thyroid mass. However, the radiological difference between anaplastic and lymphoma is that the latter will be much more homogeneous in attenuation characteristics and enhancement. Calcification and necrosis are rare. In addition, lymphoma comparatively respects adjacent structures and rather than invading them will tend to circumnavigate them or surround them.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the thyroid in a patient with hyperthyroidism
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Theresa Lanham, Erik Lanham, Abigayle Sullivan, Vasudev Magaji
Primary thyroid lymphoma is incredibly rare with an annual incidence of approximately 2.1 per million persons, accounting for 2% of thyroid malignancies. It is primarily B-cell lineage with a majority being marginal zone type [1]. As noted above, the only known risk factor for primary thyroid lymphoma includes autoimmune thyroid disease. When it does occur, it is frequently in the setting of hypothyroidism, specifically Hashimoto’s, more so than hyperthyroidism. Despite the well-established relationship between primary thyroid lymphoma and hypothyroidism, there are very few cases of hyperthyroidism and thyroid lymphoma reported [1,4–7]. Lymphoid tissue isn’t native to the thyroid gland but it is theorized that chronic exposure to antigens, such as in Hashimoto’s, causes lymphoid tissue to migrate to the thyroid which may explain why the disease is highly associated [8]. Similar physiology may occur with antigens in Graves’ disease, although our patient had negative antibodies.
Primary thyroid MALToma– a rare diagnosis of an unassuming thyroid nodule
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2018
Pragya Shrestha, Kimberly Aderhold, Sharon Swierczynski, Catherine Lin, Ronald Herb
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is defined as extra nodal lymphoma composed of heterogeneous small B cells arising from marginal zone of MALT [1]. It most frequently occurs in the gastrointestinal tract mucosa (50%), head and neck (15%), lung (14%), skin (11%), thyroid (4%), and breast (4%) [1–3]. Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare form of malignancy, constituting about 2–8% of all thyroid malignancies and 1–2% of all extra nodal lymphomas [3,4]. Thyroid lymphomas are most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (60–80%), and only about 30% are extra nodal marginal zone lymphomas [3]. Primary thyroid MALT lymphoma is rare, accounting 6–28% of PTLs [5] and usually arises in the setting of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [2]. The mean and median ages at diagnosis is between 65 and 75 years with 4:1 female predominance [5–7]. Co-occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma has also been reported [3,8]. Diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion and is often difficult due to coexistence of reactive as well as neoplastic processes in the thyroid gland.