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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Thyroid disorders are often detectable via infrared imaging. Many inflammatory markers are associated with both benign and malignant thyroid diseases, as well as with autoimmune thyroid disease and radiation exposure to the thyroid.132 Over-activity of the gland may appear thermographically as a warm area in the lower midline of the neck. Sometimes one of the thyroid lobes is warmer than the other (Figure 10.46). Thyroid cancer may be visible as warmth over the thyroid gland, often unilateral with other linear markings up the neck, presumably from inflamed vasculature.
Cancer Drugs and Treatment Formulations for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Reetika Arora, Pawan K. Maurya
Thyroid cancer has grown substantially in prevalence over the last three decades, and it is currently the fastest growing disease in women. According to the most recent American Cancer Society predictions, there will be roughly 43,800 new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States in 2022 (11,860 in men and 31,940 in women) (12,150 in men and 32,130 in women) [14]. Thyroid cancer claims the lives of over 2,230 deaths from thyroid cancer (1,070 men and 1,160 women) people each year (approx. 1,050 men and 1,150 women) www.cancer.org; ACS Journal; seer.cancer.gov. Thyroid cancer has an unknown origin, although it may be caused by a mix of hereditary and environmental factors. While some people have no signs or symptoms, others may have a bulge in the neck. Surgery, hormone therapy, radioactive iodine, radiation and, in certain circumstances, chemotherapy are all effective treatments.
Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Since the actual cause of papillary thyroid carcinoma is unknown, it cannot be fully prevented. Reducing radiation exposure during childhood is suggested. Other preventive measures may include genetic testing, limiting alcohol consumption, treating diabetes mellitus, reducing dietary nitrites, having adequate dietary iodine, treating obesity, and avoiding smoking. For high-risk patients, surgical removal of the thyroid may prevent papillary thyroid carcinoma from developing. Better diagnostic methods are resulting in earlier detection of papillary thyroid carcinoma. There is no actual prevention for follicular thyroid carcinoma and the same risk reduction strategies exist as for papillary thyroid carcinoma. There are also no specific methods for its early detection. However genetic testing may be considered. There is no known method of prevention for medullary thyroid cancer. Newly identified rearranged-during-transfection point mutations have helped to detect MTC earlier than in previous decades, and new treatment guidelines have resulted. Screening methods are based on serum calcitonin levels, and for metastatic or recurrent MTCs, neck ultrasonography, chest CT, liver MRI, bone scintigraphy, and axial skeleton MRI are options. There is no known method of preventing anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. There is also no way to diagnose the disease early. By the time symptoms are present, there is often evidence that the carcinoma has spread to distant body sites
LncRNA-IQCH-AS1 sensitizes thyroid cancer cells to doxorubicin via modulating the miR-196a-5p/PPP2R1B signalling pathway
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Thyroid cancer, which is located within the thyroid gland, is a prevalent human endocrine tumour, associating with poor diagnosis and survival rates in worldwide especially for the advanced and aggressive thyroid cancer [1]. Currently, surgery and radioiodine therapy (I-131 therapy) are the primarily therapeutic approaches for thyroid cancer [2]. In addition, chemotherapy with the combination of radiation therapy has been applied for anaplastic thyroid cancer [3]. Doxorubicin, which is an antibiotic derived from the Streptomyces peucetius bacterium, has been widely applied as an anti-cancer agent [4]. Doxorubicin functions through inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II to intercalate within DNA base pairs, leading to DNA strands breaking to inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis [4,5]. Although doxorubicin has achieved improved survival rate for thyroid cancer patients, a large fraction of patients was aggravated by adverse effects and developed doxorubicin resistance, arising a severe challenge for its widely applications [6]. Thus, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and specific biotargets of the acquired doxorubicin resistance is an urgent task.
Relationship between Serum Levels of Selenium and Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Runhua Hao, Ping Yu, Lanlan Gui, Niannian Wang, Da Pan, Shaokang Wang
In the past 30 years, the global incidence of thyroid cancer has increased dramatically [1]. GLOBOCAN 2020 estimated that by the end of 2020, there were 586,202 new cases of thyroid cancer worldwide, accounting for 3% of the total number of new cancer cases [2]. Several studies have shown that the growth rate of thyroid cancer incidence is consistent with a trend in increasing detection rates, suggesting that excessive diagnosis has led to an increase in thyroid cancer incidence [3]. However, other studies have indicated that 50% of the increase in thyroid cancer incidence cannot be accounted for by over-diagnosis [4]. Indeed, since ionizing radiation, excessive intake of iodine, female hormone levels and a family history of cancer have all been associated with thyroid cancer, the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis remain unclear [5].
The pathogenesis and treatment differences between differentiated thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Jingyang Su, Yue Fu, Menglei Wang, Jiang Yan, Shengyou Lin
It is worth noting that distinguishing differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) from medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is necessary. Although these two forms of thyroid cancer share certain similarity in the selection of multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the pathogenesis followed by treatment varies. Thyroid cancer can be divided into three main histological types: DTC, MTC as well as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC); the last type is not included in the discussion here. DTC accounts for approximately 90% of all thyroid cancers, the pathogenesis of which is related to targets like vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), involving rearranged during transfection (RET)-RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt -mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathways. RET/PTC translocations along with BRAFV600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma2, and RAS mutation in follicular and poorly DTC are the most common genetic variant. MTC is a neuroendocrine tumour originating from parafollicular thyroid cells, which can be classified into sporadic and hereditary types. Hereditary MTC is primarily associated with RET mutation, where transmitting an abnormal signal by an encoded protein affects growth, survival, invasion, metastasis of tumour cells. Therefore, MTC has a poorer prognosis than DTC.