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Aetiology of Head and Neck Cancer
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Pablo H. Montero, Snehal G. Patel, Ian Ganly
There are two main types of salivary glands, the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands) and the minor salivary glands. About 80% of all salivary gland tumours are in the parotid gland, 10–15% in the submandibular gland and the rest in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.140 Most tumours of the parotid gland are benign whereas 40% of submandibular gland tumours and 80% of minor salivary gland tumours are malignant. There are several different types of malignant tumours of the salivary glands due to the different types of cells that make up normal salivary glands. These include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and rare adenocarcinomas such as basal cell, clear cell, salivary duct and mucinous adenocarcinoma. Salivary gland carcinomas are not common and occur with an annual rate of 1.2 per 100 000 in the United States.1 About one-third-of patients are under the age of 55 years. The incidence of these cancers is increasing but the cause for this is unknown.155
Salivary Gland Tumors
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Tumors of the salivary glands comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with more than 24 different histologic subtypes. Of these, the most commonly occurring malignant salivary gland tumors are mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC, 13% of all salivary gland tumors and 35% of malignant salivary gland tumors), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC, 8% of all salivary gland tumors), adenocarcinoma NOS, salivary duct carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). The most common benign salivary gland tumors are pleomorphic adenoma (68% of all salivary gland tumors and 65% of parotid gland tumors) and Warthin tumor (or papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, 10% of all salivary gland tumors) [1].
Carcinomas of the minor salivary glands of the oral cavity. A population-based study from the Swedish Head and Neck Cancer Register for 2008–2018
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Freja Sterner, Anders Högmo, Krister Tano
Data from the SweHNCR (collected 11 November /2021) included patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity and parts of the oropharynx (uvula and the inferior surface of the soft palate) (ICD 10: C003-C009, C020-C023, C028-C031, C039-C041, C048-C052, C058-C062, C068-C069) with date of diagnosis during 2008–2018 (1 January 2008–31 December 2018). The data excluded squamous cell carcinomas and mucosal melanomas. From the data set (n = 375), cases judged as non-salivary gland histological types (n = 35) and cases sorted as ‘Undifferentiated’ (n = 10) were excluded. This resulted in 330 cases being included. Cases were sorted according to histology into groups in accordance with the pre-defined groups in SweHNCR (‘MEC’, ‘ACC’, ‘Adenocarcinoma NOS’, ‘Acinic cell carcinoma’ and ‘Others’). All cases that were indicated in free text as ‘polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma’ (PLGA) (n = 72) or ‘low-grade adenocarcinoma’ (n = 9) were defined as ‘PLGA’. The description of morphology in free text was given preference to the pre-defined group if there was a contradiction.
Heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancer: understanding the Daedalian labyrinth and how it could reveal new drug targets
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Alberto Zambelli, Riccardo Sgarra, Rita De Sanctis, Elisa Agostinetto, Armando Santoro, Guidalberto Manfioletti
Established evidence clearly showed that TNBC is a unique disease, encompassing multiple entities characterized by histopathological, transcriptomic, and (epi)genomic heterogeneity. From an histopathological point of view, the majority of TNBCs are classified as invasive mammary carcinomas (typically invasive ductal carcinomas), prevailing the poor tumor differentiation and the presence of stromal lymphocytes along with metaplastic elements [2]. Notwithstanding these main characteristics, the TNBCs also recognize rare cases of low-grade neoplasms, including the triple-negative (TN) breast neoplasia (atypical or not microglandular adenosis and acinic cell carcinoma) and the salivary gland-like tumors of the breast as the mucoepidermoid carcinoma, the polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, the adenoid cystic carcinoma, and the secretory carcinoma) [3]. Notably, both the adenoid cystic carcinoma and the secretory carcinoma constitute two rare but unique TN subtypes with pathognomonic genetic alterations of MYB-NFIB and ETV6- NTRK3 fusion genes, respectively [4,5].