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Embryological Development Disorders
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Cleft palate: Defect of secondary palateMay be incomplete, complete, bilateral, unilateral, or submucous
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The palate, which is the roof of the mouth, is actually composed of two sections: the hard palate, which assists in mastication by providing a surface against which food can be manipulated, and the soft palate, which can move back and forth over the nasopharynx (nasal opening) to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity and to allow air to pass through.
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The hard palate is a conglomerate of many structures making up the roof of the oral cavity and these structures also seamlessly contribute to nearby regions. These include the incisive foramen located just posterior to the incisors teeth, alveolar processes superior and adjacent to the teeth and palatine process of the maxilla, the horizontal plate, perpendicular plate, greater palatine foramen, and lesser palatine foramen of the palatine bone, located posterior to the maxilla and the hamulus of the medial plate of the pterygoid process, the lateral plate of the pterygoid process, the scaphoid fossa, and the pterygoid canal of the sphenoid bone located superior and slightly posterior to the maxilla and palatine bones (Plate 3.9). As you can see, the hard palate is made up of many bony parts. The hard palate is also the structure typically subject to facial clefting birth defects (see Branchial arches at the beginning of Chapter 3).
A computational model of upper airway respiratory function with muscular coupling
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Olusegun J. Ilegbusi, Don Nadun S. Kuruppumullage, Matthew Schiefer, Kingman P. Strohl
Figure 4 shows the predicted width of airway lumen at four reference levels; (i) soft palate, (ii) tongue, (iii) epiglottis, and (iv) larynx. First, the dimensions were recorded when the upper airway structure was in the standing position with gravitational effect in the vertical downward direction (Figure 4(a)). Figure 4(b) shows the result when the upper airway structure is in the supine position to mimic the sleeping posture. Figure 4(c) shows the corresponding result in the supine position when the dilator muscles are activated. All four reference levels in Figure 4 show a slight decrease in airway lumen size due to the weight of the tissue. This partial collapse is particularly noticeable at the soft palate, epiglottis and the laryngeal levels, as the epiglottis level defines the minimum gap. Figure 4(c) shows the recovery of the airway with the activation of the dilator muscles. Specifically, the dilator muscle activation causes the anterior wall of the airway lumen at all three levels to move forward and the cross-sectional dimensions of the airway to increase.
Dental and dentoalveolar dimensions in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
Janna Waltimo-Sirén, Henri Tuurala, Ella Säämäki, Petteri Holst, Marjut Evälahti, Heidi Arponen
Waltimo-Sirén and co-workers [10] found a lower than normal alveolar bone height in both jaws, with a 9.4 to 14% vertical growth reduction. This is likely reflected as a shallow palate. The current study documents that the palate is shallower in the OI patient group compared to the controls, and the difference is more pronounced in the posterior region. The difference in palatal height between the patients and controls was larger measured to the level of the cusps as compared to the gingival margin level, likely due to vertically smaller teeth in the OI patients or their lateral tipping, or both. This means that the tongue, being of normal size, has particularly in the posterior regions little space because of compromised vertical development of the alveolar arches [10]. This leads to increased muscular pressure against the posterior alveolar walls in both jaws. The arches widen and teeth may tilt buccally, but eventually, posterior, or anterior, open bite may develop.
Norrie disease with a spontaneously shrinking choroid plexus abnormality: a case report
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
Subhi Talal Younes, James Mason Shiflett, Kristin Weaver, Andrew Smith, Betty Herrington, Charlotte Taylor, Kartik Reddy
At 9 months of age, the patient was seen by pediatric neurosurgery for evaluation of this mass. No neurologic symptoms were noted by the parents. At that time, he did not have evidence of seizures, headaches, or recurrent episodes of emesis. He was meeting developmental milestones appropriately including sitting up, imitating speech sounds, transferring objects, and rolling over (note that the patient would go on to develop speech and gross motor delay which are being treated with speech and physical therapy). A hearing evaluation was normal. On physical exam, the patient preferred to keep his eyes closed. The cornea was clouded, restricting any pupillary or visual acuity exam. Otherwise, there were no significant neurologic findings. The anterior fontanelle was soft and flat. The patient’s face and facial expressions were symmetric. The palate elevated symmetrically, and the tongue protruded in midline. The patient moved all of his extremities well with normal bulk and tone, both spontaneously and in reaction to touch. The reflexes were symmetric without any pathologic reflexes present.