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Oral and Ocular Manifestations of HIV Infection
Published in Clay J. Cockerell, Antoanella Calame, Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease, 2012
Robert H. Cook-Norris, Antoanella Calame, Clay J. Cockerell
Of the lymphomas associated with HIV-infection, NHL is the most common and the only type having documented oral manifestations.20 Intraoral NHL may be the presenting sign of this malignancy and it does not necessarily indicate disseminated disease. Plasmablastic lymphoma, a type of NHL, has recently been documented in up to 3% of HIV-infected individuals.79 Oral lesions of NHL are quite variable and no consistent clinical pattern has been identified25,80,81 although they often appear as necrotic or ulcerated tumors or plaques or as nonulcerated areas of firm painless swelling with overlying normal-appearing mucosa.20 Diagnosis is made on the basis of biopsy with histologic examination. Treatment consists of systemic chemotherapy in conjunction with HAART.25
Primary extranodal head and neck lymphomas
Published in Franco Cavalli, Harald Stein, Emanuele Zucca, Extranodal Lymphomas, 2008
Richard W Tsang, Atto Billio, Sergio Cortelazzo
In prognostication, the general approach is to apply the traditional methods such as stage, histology, and the IPI, but the relevance to primary oral cavity lymphomas is not known. However, early stages compared with more disseminated disease showed statistically significant differences both for overall survival and recurrence-free survival in a series of 34 cases of the oral cavity, with mean survival time and mean recurrence-free survival time of 38 and 31 months for the whole group, respectively.56 In the same series, bone vs soft tissue localization of the lymphoma was not associated with differences in survival time. In contrast, 3-year disease-specific survival rates for NHL of the mandible were 90.5% and 47.6% in stage I and II, respectively.67 Plasmablastic lymphoma associated with HIV infection has the worst prognosis, with a median survival time of 6 months.63
Oral manifestations of extranodal lymphomas – a review of the literature with emphasis on clinical implications for the practicing dentist
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Malin Höglund Wetter, Ulf Mattsson
Plasmablastic lymphoma is a subgroup of DLBCL and was diagnosed in 42 of the case reports (34 men and eight women) with a mean age of 41.7 years (SD 13.8). The time from debut of symptoms to examination or diagnosis was relatively short (2.7 months, SD 2.6) and the tumour size was frequently large, with 69% of the cases larger than 3 cm in diameter. Plasmablastic lymphoma is frequently associated with HIV infection and 33 patients (26 men) were HIV-positive, but PL was also diagnosed in patients without a disease associated with immune deficiency. Thirty-one of the cases affected gingiva/alveolar crest and the clinical appearances varied. The most frequent clinical presentation was a convex swelling/bulging mass (n = 20) or an ulcerated bulging mass (n = 11). PL was also found in the palate (n = 6), bucca (n = 3) and floor of the mouth (n = 2).
Neuro-Ophthalmic Manifestations of HIV Infection
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Lynn K. Gordon, Helen Danesh-Meyer
Malignancy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV patients. HIV increases the risk of both non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma; however, use of HAART is associated with a decrease in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.9394–95 Primary CNS lymphoma is recognized as an AIDS-defining disease accounting for up to 15% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients.96 Primary intraocular lymphoma is rare but may present as a unilateral or bilateral vitritis unresponsive to corticosteroids.97 Vitreous biopsy is essential for diagnosis. Plasmablastic lymphoma, a distinct subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) seen more commonly in patients with HIV infection, can present in the CNS potentially producing a range of neuro-ophthalmic symptoms.98 Neuro-ophthalmic manifestation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may be variable and include orbital infiltration resulting in painful proptosis.99 The neuro-ophthalmic features produced by malignancies in HIV patients depend on the size location and speed of growth of the lesion. Despite the recent advances in the therapy of HIV-associated and aggressive lymphomas, patients with plasmablastic lymphoma, for the most part, have poor outcomes.
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the oral cavity and maxillofacial region: a pathologist viewpoint
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2018
Mahmoud Rezk Abdelwahed Hussein
Kolokotronis et al. examined the clinicopathologic features of 18 oral NHL cases [15]. The patients were around 64 years, and most of them presented with painless ulcerative mass lesions. Most of the cases were high-grade DLBCL and the sites of involvement included tonsils, oral cavity, salivary glands, and mandibles [15]. Sirsath et al. presented the clinicopathologic features of seven cases of oral lymphomas with dismal outcome (in the period between 2001 and 2011). The tumors were common in men with a median age of 43.2 years. The sites of involvement included tongue, gingivobuccal sulcus, and hard palate. Plasmablastic lymphoma (in Human immunodeficiency virus/HIV infected patients) was the most common histologic subtype followed by DLBCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The treatment modalities included chemotherapy and radiotherapy but the outcome was dismal [16].