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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Thyroid cancer is one of the most common malignant endocrine tumors. It is subclassified as papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic carcinoma. Patients with diabetes are at a 1.34 times higher risk for thyroid cancer than those without diabetes. Thyroid cancer is most common between the ages of 20 and 50, and is three times more common in women than in men. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is a malignant epithelial tumor. Follicular carcinoma is the second most common type of thyroid carcinoma. It is encapsulated and has invasive growth. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is the third most common of all thyroid tumors. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is very aggressive and malignant. It is made up of undifferentiated follicular thyroid cells, which do not look like normal thyroid cells. Anaplastic carcinoma is considered to be a grade IV tumor.
Pathology of Breast Cancer
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Papillary carcinoma presents as a palpable mass in 90% of patients. Therefore, our experience is limited in relation to the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma as a nonpalpable lesion sampled by FNAB or core biopsy. Nevertheless, based on our information on FNAB of palpable breast lesions, as well as surgical pathology, we recognize the same dilemma in the distinction between intraductal papilloma and papillary carcinoma of the breast. Thus, a surgical excisional biopsy including a rim of normal surrounding breast tissue is essential for any case suspicious of a papillary lesion of the breast by FNAB or core biopsy.
Thyroid cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Gitta Madani, Polly S Richards
The term ‘papillary carcinoma of the thyroid’ includes carcinomas that have any papillary elements. Follicular variant papillary tumours should be included in this group. Their biological behaviour and prognosis is similar to classic PTC (and better than follicular carcinomas) (22).
A practical approach to the management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Costanzo Moretti, Natalia Lazzarin, Elena Vaquero, Alessandro Dal Lago, Luisa Campagnolo, Herbert Valensise
Thyroid nodules are the most frequent endocrine pathology among women with an incidence of 4 -5%. Only 5% of the nodules are malignant, mostly differentiated papillary carcinomas with good prognosis. Pregnancy does not interfere with the natural course of the thyroid cancer with no indications to interrupt the gestation. Nonetheless, in high-risk cases, laboratory and instrumental investigations with cytological characterization of the nodule are recommended The surgical removal of a suspicious lesion can be performed without risk for the fetus [57,58]. An accurate family history is, therefore, essential to exclude rare condition, such as familial medullary carcinoma, the multiple endocrine neoplasm type 2 (MEN2) and the family papillary carcinoma. In addition, family syndromes must be excluded for the predisposition for thyroid cancer, the disease of Cowden and the Carney complex, a rare syndrome characterized by skin lesions associated with endocrine tumors.
HSP60 in cancer: a promising biomarker for diagnosis and a potentially useful target for treatment
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Bo Sun, Ganghui Li, Qing Yu, Dongchun Liu, Xing Tang
Papillary carcinoma (PC) is not only the most common malignant tumour of the thyroid, but also the most aggressive tumour of the entire endocrine system. However, there are few clinically useful biomarkers [70]. Researchers tested the exosomal HSP60 content in peripheral blood of PC and benign goitre (BG) patients and healthy people before and after ablation. HSP60 was detected in the plasma exosomes of PC and BG patients both before and after ablation, while the exosomal HSP60 levels in the PC group were higher than those in the BG group before ablation [70]. This indicates that HSP60 can be used as a diagnostic biomarker for PC. In addition, in vivo studies of CRC have shown that the exosomal HSP60 content in the peripheral blood of patients before surgery is significantly higher than those of patients after surgery [16], which shows that exosomal HSP60 can be used to evaluate the effect of tumour treatment. This evidence highlights the critical value of exosomal HSP60 in the diagnosis and assessment of cancer prognosis.
Analysis and evaluation of the efficacy of ultrasound-guided microwave ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Xinya Wang, Xiaoyan Niu, Shuang Mu, Mingzhu Zhang, Wenbin Jiang, Lixue Zhai, Danni Jiang, Wanqing Tang, Cheng Zhao
Thyroid carcinoma is one of the most common endocrine malignancies worldwide. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is a histological type of thyroid carcinoma [1]. The disease-specific mortality rate for papillary carcinoma, which accounts for 85% of DTC, has been reported to be <3% [2]. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has a diameter of ≤1 cm and has a clinically silent course, without obvious growth or metastasis for decades. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), American College of Endocrinology (ACE), Associazione Medici Endocrinologi (AME), and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines suggest surgical resection as the preferred treatment for malignant nodules diagnosed using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) [1,3]. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines indicate that the thyroid and cervical lymph nodes should be monitored every 6–12 months by ultrasound (US) to detect unifocal papillary microcarcinoma without evidence of extracapsular expansion or lymph node metastasis [2,4]. Several patients experience physical and psychological pressure and prefer to eradicate cancer to resolve their anxiety of active surveillance [5]. However, because of the high risk, post-operative pain, or cosmetic issues, several patients are hesitant to undergo surgery. Hence, determining an alternative and effective treatment is important [6].