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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Consumption of salted fish and eating preserved foods, especially at a young age, are aetiological factors. Smokers have a moderate increase in risk. The aetiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the result of a complex interplay of genetic factors, early latent infection by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) as well as subsequent EBV reactivation, and exposure to environmental carcinogens.
Tumours of the oral cavity and pharynx
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Kunwar S S Bhatia, Ann D King, Robert Hermans
Head and neck sarcomas are rare and are either spontaneous or radiation induced, the latter typically presenting years later in the irradiated field of a previous head and neck carcinoma. They are histologically varied; examples include rhabdomyosarcomas (under 1% of solid malignancies in adults but the third commonest extracranial malignancy in children and adolescents), osteosarcomas, and chondrosarcomas, the latter mostly affecting the maxillofacial skeleton and skull base, respectively. Sarcomas may be suspected due to clinico-radiological features differing from conventional head and neck SCC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is discussed in detail separately with reference to the nasopharynx. Other pathologies including malignant melanoma and metastases may rarely occur in the oral cavity and pharynx.
Dermatomyositis and its associated complications
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Iffat Hassan Shah, Saniya Akhtar
Malignancy: The association of malignancy occurs with adult and amyopathic dermatomyositis, but not with the juvenile form or with polymyositis. The incidence of carcinoma in association with dermatomyositis varies from 15% to 34% [21]. Dermatomyositis precedes the neoplasm in 40%, both conditions may occur together (26%), or the neoplasm may occur first (34%) [22]. Malignancies found in association with DM include tumors of the breast, lung, stomach, pancreas, female genital tract, colon, kidney, testis, and in some cases, lymphomas [23,24]. In the Chinese, nasopharyngeal carcinoma accounted for 75% of malignant disease [25]. Many myositis-related antigens are expressed by tumors that are antigenically different from the tissues of origin, possibly triggering an autoimmune response directed against muscle [26].
Study on the biological mechanism of urolithin a on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vitro
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Yang Yang, Zhen-Zhen Ren, Wu-Jun Wei, Zhi-Long He, You-Lin Deng, Zhuan Wang, Yu-Chun Fan, Jie Zhou, Li-He Jiang
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumour of the head and neck, which is more common in Southeast Asia and Southern China. Because the anatomical location of the nasopharynx is hidden and the first symptoms lack specificity, most patients have entered the middle and late stages at the first diagnosis (Lee et al. 2019). At present, the main treatment method for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy (Sun et al. 2016). However, adverse reactions such as radiation angular stomatitis and intestinal flora disturbance are often caused, which seriously affects the quality of a patient’s daily life (Sun et al. 2016; Li et al. 2008). It is urgent and essential to investigate and find more effective therapeutic drugs to battle this lethal carcinoma.
A model of radiation-induced temporomandibular joint damage in mice
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Peng Zhang, Lejing Yao, Guoping Shan, Yuanyuan Chen
The incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is higher in Southern China than that in the other regions of China (Eduardo et al. 2010). Because of the nasopharyngeal anatomical location and radiological characteristics, radiotherapy has become the primary treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma; however, this treatment has some serious side effects, including impaired function of the salivary gland, masticatory muscle fibrosis, limited jaw mobility, etc. (Ritchie et al. 1983). Restricted jaw mobility is a common sequelae of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy, with incidence rates of 5–58.5% (Chen et al. 2001; Dijkstra et al. 2004). However, no experiments have revealed the specific mechanism of jaw movement, with current literature mainly comprising clinical case reports. Some authors have reported a relationship between fibrosis of the temporomandibular joint (chewing muscles) after high-dose irradiation and limited jaw movement (Goldstein et al. 1999; Forrester et al. 2014). This clinical side effect has been dynamically linked to some proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other specific molecular substances (Hallahan et al. 2002). Prospective studies using imaging and those investigating the pathology and changes in the microenvironment caused by radiofrequency injury of temporomandibular joint will have a positive effect on the treatment and prevention of such injuries.
The global, regional, and national burden of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Yuna Zhang, Yujie Cao, Lin Luo, Jun Li, Liuqian Wang, Yaqin Lu, Shanshan Gu, Hongxia Deng, Zhisen Shen
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is uncommon in most areas of the world but poses a significant public health burden in endemic regions [1]. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a common malignant tumor in southern China and Southeast Asian countries, with an incidence of 10–50/100,000 [2]. Due to the hidden location of nasopharyngeal cancer, most patients have developed to advanced stage when they are diagnosed. Studies have confirmed that the survival of early stage patients is significantly better than that of late stage patients, so the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is of great significance. Several studies have shown that the titers of EB virus-related antibodies NA1/IgA and VCA/IgA in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma are increased [1], and these antibodies have been widely used in the early diagnosis and screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.