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Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Methyl bromide is a colorless gas at room temperature and has been used as insecticide fumigant, refrigerant, and in fire extinguishers. Acute exposure to methyl bromide causes visual and speech disturbances, convulsions, and delirium. Chronic toxicity is associated with peripheral neuropathy, as well as cerebellar and pyramidal dysfunctions. In chronic conditions, the first signs are paresthesia of the limbs and deep reflexes which become sluggish or absent. Markedly altered gait and staggering are also found. Mental status and pyramidal signs remain normal. The recovery from these abnormalities is slow, sometimes between 2 to 8 months after onset of symptoms. Methyl bromide is toxic to the lungs and kidney also.
Neurotoxicity of Pesticides
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Matthew C. Keifer, Jordan Firestone
Methyl bromide has been responsible for many acute intoxications and deaths. Both pulmonary and central nervous system toxicity appear to play a part.19,20 Adverse effects have also been reported from persistent exposure, without episodes of acute intoxication.21'22 Chronic effects to include both the central and peripheral nervous system23,24 The mechanism of toxicity is not well elucidated, although methyl bromide's alkylating capability may be involved.23
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Methyl bromide, methyl chloride, and methyl iodide are used as refrigerants, in chemical synthesis, and as fumigants. Methyl bromide is used with carbon tetrachloride in fire extinguishers. The exposure limit is 5 ppm for methyl bromide, 50 ppm for methyl chloride, and 2 ppm for methyl iodide. The fat-soluble methyl bromide, methyl chloride, and methyl iodide enter cells, where hydrolysis to methanol and halogen ions occurs.
Integrating inert dusts with other technologies in stored products protection
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Masumeh Ziaee, Asgar Ebadollahi, Waqas Wakil
Ebeling (1994) exposed Blattella germanica L. to high temperatures and silica aerogel. He stated that the time required to attain 100% mortality at 43.33 °C, was reduced from 147 min to 41 min when the insects were exposed to the aerogel. Fields et al. (1997) examined the performance of heat plus IDIs against T. confusum in Canada. The necessary temperature and time to control infestation of T. confusum in a food processing facilities was reduced when the IDI was integrated with heat sterilization. Dowdy (1999) reported that the mortality of T. castaneum adults when treated with combine application of IDI with heat was greater than that for alone application of heat or the IDI. Complete mortality was achieved 1 day after T. castaneum adults were exposed to Protect-It at 50 °C for only 30 min. IDIs absorb cuticular lipids from the insect's cuticle resulting in water loss and death through desiccation and heating increases the rate of desiccation (Ebeling 1971). Trials conducted in the USA have indicated that integration of heat and IDIs used to disinfest food processing facilities could be used to replace methyl bromide fumigations (Fields et al. 1997).
Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oils and various extracts of two Thymus species: Thymus cariensis and Thymus cilicicus
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Selçuk Küçükaydın, Gülsen Tel-Çayan, Mehmet Emin Duru, Memiş Kesdek, Mehmet Öztürk
Based on increasing the world population rapidly, scientists have focused on the rising of food production and crop loss caused by agricultural pests in recent years (Kordali et al.2007). Rhizopertha dominica and Callosobruchus maculatus are the most common storage pests, which cause qualitative and quantitative damage to stored grain products such as contamination, loss of grain weight, quality, nutritional value, germination ability as well as an economic loss (Usha Rani 2012, Moazeni et al.2014). Phosphine and methyl bromide fumigants have been used for many years to control stored pests (Usha Rani 2012). Nevertheless, methyl bromide has been determined as a major contributor to ozone depletion, and there have been findings that some insects have developed resistance to phosphine (Montzka et al.2011). Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say known as Colorado potato beetle is the most destroying pest of potatoes, eggplants, and tomatoes all over the world (Kesdek et al.2015). Synthetic insecticides are commonly used in the fight against Colorado potato beetle, but intensive insecticide applications lead to the problem of residual toxicity in plants.
Effect of gamma radiation as a post-harvest disinfestation treatment against life stages of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
R. Kiran, K. Bhasker Shenoy, Melally G. Venkatesha
H. hampei infested beans become discolored, lighter and fragile with reduced quality standards. Their general deterioration may increase the cost of processing due to the labor intensive work such as grading process involving separation of damaged beans and homogeneity (Haarer 1956; Reid and Mansingh 1985). Adult beetles have been observed to survive in improperly dried coffee in storage (Pan et al. 2012). Several studies have been conducted on the impact of fumigation with methyl bromide for green coffee. However, treatment requires a specially constructed fumigation chamber and is expensive unless large volumes of product are treated (Hollingsworth et al. 2013). Several toxicological studies also provide concerning aspects of methyl bromide toxicity as a carcinogen, neoplastic or mutagenic (Danse et al. 1984; Calvert et al. 1998; Budnik et al. 2012).