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Malignant diseases of the skin
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Anupam Das, Yasmeen Jabeen Bhat
Pathogenesis: Solar UVR is believed to be the single-most important causative factor, but, as up to 50% of lesions of malignant melanoma occur on non-sun-exposed sites, other factors may play a role. The propensity for patients with the dysplastic mole syndrome and large congenital melanocytic naevi to develop this condition suggests that developmental factors may also be involved in some instances. Other risk factors for the development of melanoma include melanocortin-1 receptor genotype, childhood cancer history, immunosuppression, indoor tanning and Parkinson’s disease. Mutations in the Kit gene stimulate various pathways like MAPK, PI3K, PTEN, and MITF in melanocyte proliferation.
Basic concepts on melanocyte biology
Published in Electra Nicolaidou, Clio Dessinioti, Andreas D. Katsambas, Hypopigmentation, 2019
Melanocytes originate from neural crest multipotent precursors and after steps of migration, proliferation, and differentiation finally settle into epidermis and hair follicles as well as extracutaneous sites, for example, mucosa, cardiovascular system, adipose tissue, cochlea, and choroid.7–9 In the skin, they differentiate into dentritic pigment-producing melanocytes (Figure 1.1) and are distributed among keratinocytes of the epidermal basal layer and in hair follicles (Figure 1.2). Synthesized melanin primarily aims at protecting from the harmful effects of UV radiation derived from sunlight as well as, nowadays, from indoor tanning apparatuses, thanks to its ability to absorb UVR and damaging free radicals. The tanning response and the resulting promotion of pigmentation constitute the main protective mechanisms activated following acute and chronic UV exposure by melanocytes and the skin in its entirety.
APOLLO'S LEGACY
Published in Rob Norman, The Woman Who Lost Her Skin, 2004
protection, and sunscreen manufacturers produced higher SPF products. Malignant melanoma studies showed a 500% increase from 1950 to 1985. A 1987 American Academy of Dermatology study revealed that 96% of Americans admitted to knowing that the sun caused skin cancer. But one third of the adults in the survey admitted they deliberately worked on a tan. The indoor tanning industry continued to be one of the fastest growing businesses in America. The average age of indoor tanning patrons was 26, mostly women. Almost two million of these patrons were considered "tanning junkies", making almost 100 tanning parlor visits per year. In 1991, 1,800 injuries were reported from the use of tanning devices. By the late 1980s fashion industry leaders such as Eileen Ford stated, "The tanned look is dead." The American Academy of Dermatology stated that there was "no safe way to tan" following a consensus conference on photoaging and photodamage (in reality, a tan is simply a controlled burn). Wide ranges of protection against UVA as well as UVB radiation were created by the sunscreen industry in 1990 in response to the rising tide of information about skin cancer facts - 600,000 new cases of skin cancers, 6,300 deaths from melanoma and 2,500 deaths from squamous cell carcinoma. The role of genetics, ozone depletion, and other skin cancer production factors took center stage. The incidence of skin cancer continued to increase throughout the 1990s, with 700,000 new cases of skin cancer diagnosed in 1993, 32,000 of them malignant melanoma. A survey in 1996 of young adults under 25 indicated 58% of them confessed to working on a tan and 62% that they thought people looked better with a tan. In 1997, a survey in Seventeen magazine stated that two thirds of teenagers felt they looked better with a tan and felt healthier and more sophisticated. Half of them stated they looked more athletic
Dispelling myths about sunscreen
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Sabrina Lichon Bennett, Amor Khachemoune
There are three main types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB, and UVC, which are grouped based on photon wavelength (21). UVC has the shortest wavelength and is absorbed by the ozone layer (21). Thus, we are exposed mostly to UVA and UVB. Tanning beds emit more UVA radiation, and damage from UVA promotes skin tanning and skin aging (3,22). Previously some thought that indoor tanning was safe since it did not emit as much UVB radiation, which promotes sun burns (3,22). Now we know that UVA, which has the longest wavelength, can penetrate down into the dermis whereas UVB radiation only reaches the epidermis (21). Both UVA and UVB can cause DNA damage in the skin and increase the risk for skin cancer (23). Tanning specifically has been linked to increased risk for melanoma. One study showed that in individuals ages 25–59, tanning resulted in 74% increased risk for melanoma (24).
Non-linear effects of absolute risk information on individuals’self-evaluation, affective responses, and behavioral intentionsof precautionary actions against skin cancer
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Beom Jun Bae, PhD, Gary Heald, PhD
Tanning behavior is one of the largest risk factors of skin cancer for young adults aged 18–29 years although the indoor tanning rates have been decreased from 11.3% in 2010 to 6.0% in 2015.9 In college, female,10,11 and white12 students were more likely to engage in tanning than males and other races. Indoor tanning rates were increased between freshman and sophomore years, but decreased in junior and senior years.10 They used tanning because they were not satisfied their skin tones,10,13 enjoyed relaxation in tanning beds,10 and wanted to please or get approval from their peers.10,13
Connections between sources of health and beauty information and indoor tanning behavior among college women
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2020
Jessica Gall Myrick, Seth M. Noar, Jennah M. Sontag, Dannielle Kelley
While this study offers a number of insights to the mechanisms connecting media use and actual indoor tanning behavior, it comes with limitations. This was a cross-sectional sample from a single college campus and the findings should be replicated with other campus samples. Moreover, longitudinal data analyses could help address questions about the potential feedback loops between college students’ media use, tanning-related beliefs, and tanning behavior. Future work would also benefit from applying a multi-level perspective to examine how group-level factors, like type of school (eg, public, private), geographic location, and presence of sororities may shape perceptions and behaviors.