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Repair of a Near Full-Length Malignant Tracheal-Esophageal Fistula—A 17-Year Success Story
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Thoracic Surgery, 2019
Radiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy is used for patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the esophagus. When the cancer invades the full thickness of the esophagus and tracheal-bronchial tree, the risk of developing a fistula is high. Chemotherapy alone has been reported to have a 6% rate of fistula and the risk following radiotherapy is reported as high as 73.9% [7]. Although the advances in radiation techniques have improved, still the risk remains high. Current guidelines recommend multimodality treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer [8]. The benefit of surgical resection in improving survival compared to definitive chemo radiation for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has been questioned [9]. These tumors often affect the upper esophagus and, when locally advanced, are likely to involve the airway. Radiation-induced tumor necrosis depends on inherent radio sensitivity of the primary cancer, the radiation dose, and how it is delivered. If it is too radio-sensitive, then the risk for fertilization by necrosis will also be high. The concomitant use of chemotherapy with radiation therapy may further increase radio sensitivity and the tumor response and necrosis. It is speculated that patients who developed a tracheoesophageal fistula after radiation therapy would have done so in any case. However, it is probable that radiotherapy may hasten the development of a fistula by lysing the tumor. The risk is greatest in those patients with bulky tumors that indent or impinge the trachea.
Esophageal Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
The esophagus is affected predominantly by two histologic types of cancer: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) (Table 23.1). ESCC typically develops in the mid-esophagus, whereas EAC is usually found in the distal esophagus. These two types account for nearly 95% of esophageal cancers, although sarcomas, small cell carcinomas, lymphomas, and carcinoids may occur in the esophagus as well.1,2
Nutrition and the Risk of Common Forms of Cancer
Published in David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
Clear patterns have emerged between alcohol consumption and a number of common forms of cancer. People who consume 50 g or more of alcohol per day, which is about 3½ or more drinks per day, have a two to three times greater risk of developing cancer of the head and neck, including the mouth, pharynx, and larynx, than nondrinkers (Baan et al. 2007). Moreover, the risks of these cancers are substantially higher among persons who consume this amount of alcohol and also use tobacco (Hashibe et al. 2009). Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 2012). In addition, people who inherit a deficiency in an enzyme that metabolizes alcohol have been found to have substantially increased risks of alcohol-related esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Erianin Exerts Antineoplastic Effects on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Activating the cGMP-PKG Signaling Pathway
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Xin Deng, Qianfeng Wu, Dong Li, Youping Liu
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common type of esophageal cancer and is characterized by insufficient early diagnosis, lack of targeted therapy, postoperative recurrence, extensive invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance (1). According to current cancer statistics, there were 604,000 new cases of esophageal cancer and 544,000 new deaths worldwide in 2020, ranking seventh in terms of morbidity and mortality (2). The incidence of esophageal cancer is highest in Eastern Asia (25 per 100,000), followed by Southern Africa (14.2 per 100,000), Eastern Africa (14.8 per 100,000), Northern Europe (10.9 per 100,000), and Southern Central Asia (11.3 per 100,000) (2). Despite significant progress in the early diagnosis, surgical resection, and chemotherapy of ESCC in the past decades, the 5-year overall survival rate after initial diagnosis remains approximately 20% (3, 4). Therefore, the identification of safe, stable, and efficacious anti-ESCC agents is of the utmost importance.
Targeting stearoyl-coa desaturase enhances radiation induced ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Hui Luo, Xiaohui Wang, Shuai Song, Yunhan Wang, Qinfu Dan, Hong Ge
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a complex disease that involves the transition over time from normal squamous epithelium to squamous dysplasia, and finally resulting in tumorigenesis.1,2 This aggressive malignancy occurs predominantly in the upper and mid-esophagus. Current evidence suggests smoking, hot drinks, dietary lack of vegetables and fruits, alcohol abuse, nitrosamines, and human papilloma virus infection are primary risk factors.3,4 Surgical resection, radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are the main antitumor strategies for ESCC.5 Due to atypical symptoms in the early stage, ESCC is mainly diagnosed at locally advanced or advanced stages and this may lead to iron deficiency anemia.2,6 RT is one of the most common treatments for inoperable, locally advanced ESCC.7 However, the existence of radiation resistance can result in a lack of treatment response, tumor recurrence and distant metastasis.8 A previous study reported the 5-year survival rate of ESCC was less than 10%, and the mechanisms governing radiation resistance were still not fully understood.2
Transferrin and Prealbumin Identify Esophageal Cancer Patients with Malnutrition and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Normal Albuminemia: A Cohort Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Hsueh-Chien Chiang, Meng-Ying Lin, Forn-Chia Lin, Nai-Jung Chiang, Yi-Ching Wang, Wu-Wei Lai, Wei-Lun Chang, Bor-Shyang Sheu
An observational cohort study was conducted in a medical center. Patients with esophageal cancer were prospectively enrolled in a cohort to follow up on their prognosis. Patient characteristics, including age, gender, body weight, BMI, and cancer stage were recorded at cancer diagnosis. Serum albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin were examined at the baseline. Treatment modalities were selected according to the NCCN guideline (13). In this study, all cohort patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed between 2003 and 2017 were screened for eligibility (n = 412). Patients with missing data for serum albumin, prealbumin, or transferrin were excluded (n = 200). A total of 212 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were finally included for analysis. All patients received regular follow-up for the overall survival time, which was defined as the duration between the date of disease diagnosis and death. The mean follow-up duration of survivors was 36.6 mo,. Twenty-five (11.8%), seven (3.3%), and eight (3.8%) patients lost follow-up in the first, second, and third year, respectively. Supplementary Table S1 shows no significant differences in the baseline characteristics and survival between the included and excluded patients.