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Pediatric Oncology
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Stephen Lowis, Rachel Cox, John Moppett, Helen Rees
Encouraging results were reported by the German HIT-SKK group. Forty-three children were treated without radiotherapy, with a 5-year PFS of 58 ± 9% and OS of 66 ± 7%. Desmoplasia was a good prognostic factor, compared to classical histology (PFS 85 ± 8% vs. 34 ± 10% respectively).161,162 Overall survival was 80 ± 6% in patients who received radiotherapy as salvage following relapse.
Skin
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Zbigniew W. Wojcinski, Lydia Andrews-Jones, Daher Ibrahim Aibo, Rie Kikkawa, Robert Dunstan
Basal cell carcinomas are malignant tumors arising from the epidermis or epidermal appendages. They consist of heterogeneous sheets or strands of closely packed cells that may exhibit palisading at the periphery. The extent of demarcation is quite variable, and there may be extensive local invasion but rarely metastasis. Neoplastic cells resemble basal cells of the epidermis or appendages in that they are small, with scant slightly basophilic cytoplasm and dark blue nuclei. Mitotic figures may be numerous. Basal cell carcinomas may present in a solid form with necrotic areas in the center (pseudocysts) or as a basosquamous form incorporating squamous cells. Desmoplasia may be evident in the surrounding mesenchymal tissue. Differential diagnoses include benign basal cell tumor, benign hair follicle tumor, and sebaceous cell carcinoma (Bruner et al. 2001; goRENI 2012; INHAND 2012). The Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway has been implicated in the development of human basal cell carcinomas through activation of the Patched gene by mutations in Smoothened, which acts as a proto-oncogene (Xie et al. 1998). Basal cell carcinomas occur in transgenic mice overexpressing mutated smoothened transmembrane protein (Xie et al. 1998).
Canine and Feline Nasal and Paranasal Neoplasm: Morphology and Origin
Published in Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
These squamous cell neoplasms are characterized by intra- or extracellular keratin with or without intercellular bridges (Figure 10). Different grades of malignancy are seen in different neoplasms, but the majority of them are well-differentiated with various degrees of anaplasticity. The neoplastic cells are arranged in infiltrating columns or sheets of spindle or polygonal cells producing severe desmoplasia. The desmoplasia consists of fibrocollagenous tissue and becomes massive with rows of squamous cells in the deeper tissues, destroying the normal structures, including bone. The neoplastic cells have large vesiculated nuclei, one or more very prominent nucleoli, and ample eosinophilic cytoplasm in which intracellular keratin can be seen. Mitotic cells vary from 1 to 6/HPF.
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase overexpression may be associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
İsmail Harmankaya, Serra Akar, Serdar Uğraş, Abdül Hamid Güler, Huriye Ezveci, Meltem Aydoğdu, Çetin Çelik
The finding of higher stromal NNMT expression in relation to adjacent neoplastic tissue in serous carcinomas and higher stromal NNMT expression in serous carcinomas compared to stromal NNMT expression in serous borderline tumours and cystadenomas indicates that NNMT may be involved in the desmoplastic malignant tumour reaction, which is the formation of a dense connective tissue around tumours. This reaction is thought to be necessary for tumour progression by promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Lamouille et al. 2014). The desmoplastic tumour reaction is associated with poor prognosis and is thought to contribute to cancer invasion and treatment resistance (Tothill et al. 2008; Whatcott et al. 2015). Recent studies have shown increased expression of TGF- β1, a key component of EMT, in response to NNMT overexpression (Campagna et al. 2018; Liang et al. 2018).
Integration of inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer induced by carbon nanotubes
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Accumulating evidence supports a close relationship between fibrosis and cancers. It has long been established that certain tumors can arise where scars are formed, giving rise to the term scar carcinoma. Scar carcinoma is most prominent in patients with pneumoconiosis including asbestosis, silicosis, and coal worker’s lung disease (Davis and Cowie 1990; Doll 1955). In other examples, certain fibrotic diseases are associated with increased risks of certain cancers. For instance, patients suffering from cystic fibrosis have an odds ratio of 6.5 for developing digestive tract cancers compared with the general population in North America (Neglia et al. 1995). Nonetheless, a causal relationship between fibrosis and cancer has long been debated, in particular, with regard to whether desmoplasia, which denotes the growth of fibrous connective tissue characteristically associated with malignant neoplasms, precedes, accompanies, or succeeds tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
Distinguishing Benign from Malignant Circumscribed Orbital Tumors in Children
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2018
Yufei Tu, Frederick A. Jakobiec, Katherine Leung, Suzanne K. Freitag
The desmoplastic small round cell tumor is a potentially lethal tumor, typically found in young males. Extremely rarely, it has been seen in the orbit. The tumor is composed of well-defined nests and irregular sheets of small round cells infiltrating a desmoplastic stroma. The positivity of the tumor for cytokeratin and desmin immunostaining can usefully differentiate it from other small round cell orbital tumors, such as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).27 Also known as malignant neuroepithelioma, pathological features of PNET include Homer Wright rosettes, true rosettes, and perivascular pseudorosettes. Unlike neuroblastomas, the cells of PNET lack the imbrication of delicate cytoplasmic processes (neuropil) of neuronal and Schwann’s cell differentiation.28