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Hepatic and Intestinal Trematodes
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Liver fluke infection continues to be a problem, particularly in the Far East. Endemic areas include China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and North Vietnam for Clonorchis sinensis, Europe, Northern Asia, and Southeast Asia for other Opisthorchiidae, a distribution which is virtually worldwide for Dicrocoeliidae. The Fasciolidae, when both species capable of infecting man are considered, are also virtually worldwide in distribution.
Paragonimus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Pham Ngoc Doanh, Haruhiko Maruyama, David Blair, Yukifumi Nawa
It should be noted that cross-reactions may occur with other parasites, especially when crude extracts of parasite antigen are used.77 Patient sera may show some degree of cross-reactions with antigens of Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, Schistosoma mansoni, and/or sparganum in ELISA or in immunoblot.80 However, reactions against 32 and 35 kDa proteins in adult extracts appeared to be specific for paragonimiasis regardless of the causative species, including P. westermani, P. miyazakii, and P. skrjabini, in immunoblot analysis.81 It is difficult to distinguish between infections due to different Paragonimus species using ELISA or immunoblot. In this case, ELISA inhibition tests may help.82
C
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Clonorchis sinensis [Greek: cion, branch + orchis, testis] Chinese liver fluke. In 1910 Harujiro R. Kobayashi (b 1887) of Japan discovered that cyprinoid fish acted as secondary intermediate hosts to Clonorchis sinensis. The complete life cycle was elucidated by Muto in 1917.
Helminthiases in North Korea: a neglected public health challenge
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Helminth parasites infecting humans and other animals reside not only in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts but also in other parts of the body such as the lymphatic system. Nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) are two major phyla of helminths: nematodes include the major intestinal worms (a.k.a. soil-transmitted helminths) and filarial worms (infecting lyphatic system and soft tissue); platyhelminths include the flukes and tapeworms [1]. Ascaris and Trichuris belong to soil-transmitted nematodes, and they are transmitted by eggs present in human feces which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor [2]. Platyhelminth flukes include food-borne trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus westermani, which infect the bile duct and the lungs in humans, respectively, following the ingestion of uncooked fish or shellfish. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and sparganum are platyhelminth tapeworms that cause cysticercosis and lung nodules, respectively [3].
A retrospective administrative database analysis of the association between clonorchiasis or helminthiasis and the development of cholelithiasis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Chien-Hua Chen, Cheng-Li Lin, Chung Y. Hsu, Chia-Hung Kao
PI is reportedly related to the development of IHSs and CBD stones (bile duct stones), rather than the development of gallstones2,6. However, the development of IHSs is relatively uncommon in India, where helminthiasis is common. Although the presence of gallstones in clonorchiasis has been documented in the literature, the development of gallstones is mainly related to metabolic syndrome2,7. Our previous case–control study evidenced that the development of IHS is associated with clonorchiasis or ascariasis, which was diagnosed based on serological tests. Furthermore, the study did not support the association between clonorchiasis or ascariasis and the development of gallstones8. However, A. lumbricoides or Clonorchis sinensis has been occasionally identified in the biliary tracts or the gallbladder of Asians, and it has been reported that clonorchiasis and helminthiasis dead bodies or eggs can provide the nidus for the formation of stones in the bile ducts or the gallbladder7,9. Therefore, the indeterminate association between PI and the sub-types of cholelithiasis requires additional studies for clarifying their actual association and pathogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that clonorchiasis or helminthiasis is associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis. In this nationwide population-based cohort study, we analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to determine the association between clonorchiasis or helminthiasis and the subsequent development of cholelithiasis, including gallstones and bile duct stones.
Surgical approaches for the treatment of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2018
Charles W. Kimbrough, Jordan M. Cloyd, Timothy M. Pawlik
Cholangiocarcinoma accounts for approximately 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies and the overall incidence is relatively low in the Western world [8]. In the United States, the incidence ranges from 0.6 to 1.0 cases per 100,000; Europe has comparable rates of 0.4–1.8 cases per 100,000 [9]. Globally the incidence is highest in Southeast Asia with rates of over 100 cases per 100,000 reported among males in Thailand [9]. While the high incidence in Asia may be attributed in part to high infection rates with the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, most cases of pCCA develop sporadically in the absence of any identifiable risk factors [1,9,10].