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Hepatic and Intestinal Trematodes
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
The principal advances in the understanding of these infections have involved laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Much of the focus of improved diagnosis has been directed towards Clonorchis infection. Direct diagnosis by demonstration of eggs in stool remains the only reliable clinical criterion for infection, however, a number of serologic tests of increasing specificity and sensitivity are reported. Reports of Korean investigations at the Institute for Tropical Endemic Diseases suggest that ELISA testing provides the most favorable balance of specificity and sensitivity among tests currently employed.7 A preliminary report from the Institute of Tropical Medicine at Yonsei University8 of the use of a thin layer immunoassay-based test for the diagnosis of Clonorchis showed enhanced sensitivity and a differing pattern of specificity. Studies are too few and too preliminary to permit comparison with ELISA.
Tropical infections and infestations
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
The disease may remain dormant for many years. Clinical features are non-specific and include fever, malaise, anorexia and upper abdominal discomfort. The complete clinical picture can consist of fever with rigors due to ascending cholangitis, obstructive jaundice, biliary colic and pruritus from stones in the common bile duct. Acute pancreatitis may occur because of obstruction of the pancreatic duct by an adult worm. Particularly when presenting in non-endemic areas, it should be noted that if a person from an endemic area complains of symptoms of biliary tract disease, Clonorchis infestation should be high in the differential diagnosis.
Introduction to the Parasites
Published in Donald L. Price, Procedure Manual for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 2017
Many animals or plants may function as intermediate or helping hosts of parasites. Infection with the adult stage of Taenia solium or T. saginata is acquired by deliberate ingestion of infected, inadequately cooked pork or beef, respectively (pigs and cattle are the intermediate hosts). Infection with Clonorchis sinensis can be acquired by eating portions of infected fish that may be used to prepare certain uncooked dishes, such as Japanese “sushi” or Chinese “yue-shan chuk” (raw carp with rice soup). Small infected arthropods may be accidentally ingested when eating grains or dried fruit (Hymenolepis diminuta). These are all examples of passive transmission from an infected source.
Fish-borne trematode infections in wild fishes in Bangladesh
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Sharmin S. Labony, M. Abdul Alim, Muhammad Mehedi Hasan, Md. Shahadat Hossain, Ausraful Islam, Mohammad Zahangir Alam, Naotoshi Tsuji
Based on morphology and morphometry, the MC of Clonorchis spp. were elliptical and measured 0.17 ± 0.01 × 0.14 ± 0.01 mm in size. A detailed morphological study revealed oral and ventral suckers of similar sizes and an O-shaped excretory bladder. Morphologically, the internal structures of MC of Opisthorchis spp. were similar to those of Clonorchis spp., except the size of the cyst was a bit bigger (0.19 ± 0.01 × 0.14 ± 0.01 mm). The size of the MC of Metorchis spp. was 0.17 ± 0.06 × 0.17 ± 0.05 mm and was characterized by the presence of a clearly visible double-layered cyst wall. The MC of Metagonimus spp. were distinct both in size and shape. The MC of Metagonimus spp. were subglobular or disc-shaped, measuring 0.15–0.14 mm in diameter, and were distinguished by the presence of yellow-brownish pigments and a V-shaped excretory bladder. On the other hand, echinostome-MC were elliptical in shape with an average size of 0.15–0.16 × 0.11–0.13 mm, and were typically characterized by the presence of collar spines (Figure 3).
Helminthiases in North Korea: a neglected public health challenge
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Helminth parasites infecting humans and other animals reside not only in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts but also in other parts of the body such as the lymphatic system. Nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) are two major phyla of helminths: nematodes include the major intestinal worms (a.k.a. soil-transmitted helminths) and filarial worms (infecting lyphatic system and soft tissue); platyhelminths include the flukes and tapeworms [1]. Ascaris and Trichuris belong to soil-transmitted nematodes, and they are transmitted by eggs present in human feces which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor [2]. Platyhelminth flukes include food-borne trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus westermani, which infect the bile duct and the lungs in humans, respectively, following the ingestion of uncooked fish or shellfish. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and sparganum are platyhelminth tapeworms that cause cysticercosis and lung nodules, respectively [3].
A retrospective administrative database analysis of the association between clonorchiasis or helminthiasis and the development of cholelithiasis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Chien-Hua Chen, Cheng-Li Lin, Chung Y. Hsu, Chia-Hung Kao
PI is reportedly related to the development of IHSs and CBD stones (bile duct stones), rather than the development of gallstones2,6. However, the development of IHSs is relatively uncommon in India, where helminthiasis is common. Although the presence of gallstones in clonorchiasis has been documented in the literature, the development of gallstones is mainly related to metabolic syndrome2,7. Our previous case–control study evidenced that the development of IHS is associated with clonorchiasis or ascariasis, which was diagnosed based on serological tests. Furthermore, the study did not support the association between clonorchiasis or ascariasis and the development of gallstones8. However, A. lumbricoides or Clonorchis sinensis has been occasionally identified in the biliary tracts or the gallbladder of Asians, and it has been reported that clonorchiasis and helminthiasis dead bodies or eggs can provide the nidus for the formation of stones in the bile ducts or the gallbladder7,9. Therefore, the indeterminate association between PI and the sub-types of cholelithiasis requires additional studies for clarifying their actual association and pathogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that clonorchiasis or helminthiasis is associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis. In this nationwide population-based cohort study, we analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to determine the association between clonorchiasis or helminthiasis and the subsequent development of cholelithiasis, including gallstones and bile duct stones.