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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
A complete blood count is done to look for anemia. Increased liver biochemical tests, particularly the serum alkaline phosphatase test, are used for metastatic disease. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels should be measured in all patients with proven colorectal cancer, but these are not sensitive or specific. When the CEA level is high before an operation and low after a colon tumor is removed, it should be monitored so that any recurrence can be found sooner rather than later. Fecal immunochemical tests to find blood in the stool are better than the older guaiac-based tests since many different substances in the diet affect them. Even so, a positive test for blood in the stool can occur because of nonmalignancies such as diverticulosis and ulcers.
Tumors of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Tumor markers in the CSF: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is often elevated in adenocarcinoma.Beta-glucuronidase is frequently elevated in patients with leptomeningeal metastases from epithelial-derived tumors.Beta2–microglobulin is useful in hematopoietic malignancies involving the leptomeninges.AFP and β-HCG may be noted in metastatic germ cell tumors with leptomeningeal involvement.
Paper 1
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
The colorectal nurse specialist calls for advice regarding a 48 year old male patient who underwent total mesorectal excision 23 months ago for T3 N1b M0 rectal carcinoma. More recently he has had a stoma reversal and anastomosis. The patient’s serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level has increased over the past 3 months.
Revision of potential prognostic markers of cholangiocarcinoma for clinical practice
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Charupong Saengboonmee, Sumalee Obchoei, Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth, Sopit Wongkham
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is another clinically available biomarker for CCA. CEA is a biomarker originally used for both diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer, but it has been adopted in clinical practice for CCA as well. The study reported by Sasaki et al. suggested serum CEA of 5 ng/mL was the best cutoff value to use for prognostic purposes for CCA [19]. CEA was reported with a higher prognostic value compared with CA19–9; however, its sensitivity and specificity are in the wide range and could compromise clinical value [20,21]. Several studies suggested that CEA is an independent prognostic factor for CCA, and the predictive ability of the marker becomes greater when combined with CA19–9 [20–23]. The cutoff values of CA 19–9 (100 IU/mL and 500 IU/mL) and CEA (5 ng/mL) were shown to improve the staging systems of intrahepatic CCA and thus are incorporated in the revised staging systems of American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) and the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (LCSGJ).
Serum cytokines in astrocytic brain tumors: a prospective study
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Tariq Ansari, Gautam Dutta, Arvind Kumar Srivastava, Anita Jagetia, Daljit Singh, Hukum Singh, Rohit Bharti, Anand Prakash, Anil Kumar
Based on the previously published data and the results of this study, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF- α should be evaluated further as a blood-based biomarker for high-grade gliomas. Several clinically available and widely used blood-based tumor markers have some of the potential limitations that we have found using IL-6, IL-10 and TNF- α in patients with primary brain tumors. For example, prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels are frequently elevated post-operatively due to injury to normal prostate tissue.37 As a result, baseline PSA levels are measured weeks after surgery when the injury-related PSA elevation has resolved. In addition, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is not elevated in every patient with colorectal cancer. However, in select patients who do have high CEA levels it may be a valuable blood-based biomarker.38 Further studies of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF- α in patients with high-grade gliomas should follow patients longitudinally to determine whether changes in IL-6, IL-10 and TNF- α concentrations over time are related to response, progression, and survival. CSF analysis, although has been suggested as a more appropriate way to screen for biomarkers because the concentration of these markers may be higher in CSF than blood, it is not practical. Getting serial CSF samples from patients is not feasible as patients are unlikely to participate in such invasive tests on a regular basis.39 A reliable blood-based tumor marker would have utility for the clinical management and the design and conduct of clinical trials in this patient population.
Serum macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 serves as a novel diagnostic biomarker of early-stage colorectal cancer
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Chunyang Dai, Xiaolei Zhang, Yanling Ma, Zhaowu Chen, Shaohua Chen, Yang Zhang, Ming Li
Highly efficient and non-invasive detection of serum tumour markers plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of CRC (Bates 1991; Perkins et al. 2003). CRCs are highly heterogeneous, and a single tumour marker is unlikely to serve as an accurate diagnostic standard with sufficient sensitivity or specificity for all cases. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a well-established tumour marker, which is recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the European Group on Tumour Markers (Locker et al. 2006; Duffy et al. 2007). However, its efficacy for screening asymptomatic patients and monitoring patients with CRC is controversial (Duffy 2001; Awady et al. 2009; Park et al. 2009). Furthermore, CA19-9 and CA24-2 are widely used in clinical practice as tumour markers; however, when either is used alone, their value for clinical application is limited (Kazama and Watanabe 2014; Tokunaga et al. 2017).