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Cancer and exercise
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Tormod S. Nilsen, Pernille Hojman, Henning Wackerhage
Exercise may reduce the risk of developing several cancers. Emerging evidence from preclinical studies have improved our understanding of the potential role of exercise in risk of cancer incidence. These mechanisms include improved genomic control and increased cancer cell apoptosis, improved tumour vascularisation and reduced tumour hypoxia, altered cancer cell metabolism, and improved immune detection. Exercise may also improve the circulatory environment, in terms of lower levels of stimulating hormones and growth factors. Furthermore, exercise is a valuable strategy during cancer treatment, as it may help relieve the symptom burden (i.e. less cancer-related fatigue and improved QoL) and help patients maintain their physical function. In addition, exercise prior to cancer treatment (i.e. prehabilitation) may help prepare patients for major cancer surgery. Thus, exercise plays an important role in all phases of the cancer continuum.
Introduction
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2021
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
The ability of analgesic drugs to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and spread after surgery has also been under discussion for many years. However, good evidence from human studies is lacking, and currently there is no particular anesthetic or analgesic technique that can be recommended for patients undergoing cancer surgery on the basis that it might reduce the risk of recurrence or metastases (Wall et al, 2019).
Perioperative issues
Published in Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa, Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Gordon A. G. McKenzie, David J. H. Shipway
Chronological age should not be a contraindication for otolaryngological surgery. For cancer surgery, age, medical background and biological behaviour of the tumour should be considered together with the likely oncological, perioperative and long-term cosmetic, functional and quality-of-life outcomes. For example, the ability to provide tracheostomy and enteral feeding tube care needs to be considered [7].
The evolution of breast reconstructions with free flaps: a historical overview
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2023
Filip E. F. Thiessen, Nicolas Vermeersch, Thierry Tondu, Veronique Verhoeven, Lawek Bersenji, Yves Sinove, Guy Hubens, Gunther Steenackers, Wiebren A. A. Tjalma
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide [1]. In 2018, there were over 2 million cases. Belgium is the country with the highest rate of breast cancer in the world (113/100.000). The five years survival in Belgium is 83%, which is equal to the average five year survival for breast cancer in Europe (82%) [2]. The keystones in breast cancer treatment are patient’s survival and minimizing treatment’s morbidity. Approximately 40% of the patients with breast cancer undergoes a mastectomy. Breast amputation is a lifesaving but mutilating procedure. Therefore a good quality of life and a good cosmetic outcome is mandatory after cancer surgery [3]. Reconstructive breast surgery aims to recreate a natural looking breast that is warm to touch [4]. The chosen technique, either implant-based or autologous breast reconstruction, depends on the physiognomy of the patient, technical skills of the surgical team and most important the expectations of the patient.
Current status and novel insights into the role of metastasectomy in the era of immunotherapy
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Efstathia Liatsou, Diamantis I. Tsilimigras, Panagiotis Malandrakis, Maria Gavriatopoulou, Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
Cancer surgery is an integral part of the modern multidisciplinary approach to patients with solid malignancies [1]. Over the years, the role of surgery in metastatic cancer has been mainly correlated with palliative resections. It was not before the late 1930s, when the term ‘metastasectomy’ was introduced by some referral institutions that presented encouraging survival outcomes from case series of patients with cancer who had undergone resection of foci of metastatic disease. Grünhagen et al. presented the timeline of the introduction of hepatic metastasis resection in patients with primary colorectal cancer [2]. In 1939, Barney et al. reported no disease progression for 5 years after a patient with renal cell carcinoma had undergone nephrectomy and left lobectomy for lung metastasis [3]. Later on, Bartlett et al. analyzed the incidence rates of metastasectomy from the U.S. National Database including different cancer types from 2000 to 2011 [4]. Metastasectomy was more commonly performed in cases of colorectal cancer, followed by lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma [4]. The inpatient mortality rate was decreased and the comorbidity trend was lower for high-volume centers in comparison with low-volume centers. This led to a gradual increase in the use of metastasectomy along with the standardization of resection practices according to the experience of high-volume institutions centers [4–8].
Bowel dysfunction following pelvic organ cancer: a prospective study on the treatment effect in nurse-led late sequelae clinics
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2023
Mira Mekhael, Helene M. Larsen, Michael B. Lauritzen, Ole Thorlacius-Ussing, Søren Laurberg, Klaus Krogh, Asbjørn M. Drewes, Peter Christensen, Therese Juul
Details are shown in Table 1. The median (range) age at baseline was 66 years (27-93) and 210 (55%) were women. Cancer diagnoses were rectal: 175 (46%) patients, gynaecological: 56 (15%), anal: 51 (13%), colon: 45 (12%), prostate: 44 (12%), and other cancers: 9 (2%). In total, 198 (52%) of the patients were treated surgically, 103 (27%) with radiotherapy only, 77 (20%) with surgery and radiotherapy, and 2 (1%) with other treatment modalities. A total of 164 (43%) patients also received chemotherapy during their cancer treatment course. Approximately half of the patients were referred to the LS clinics from the LS screening programme [32] or from the surgical or gastroenterological departments at Aarhus and Aalborg University Hospitals. The remaining patients were referred from other hospital departments or general practitioners. The median time (range) between cancer surgery or last radiotherapy, whichever came latest, and referral to the LS clinics was 668 (56–14130) days.