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How Often Do You Think About Oral Health as an Essential Part of Wellness and a Healthy Lifestyle?
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Judith Haber, Erin Hartnett, Jessamin Cipollina
The HPV vaccine, Gardasil, is the first cancer-prevention vaccine. Created in 2006, and a second-generation in 2015, Gardasil 9, protects against HPV genotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Findings from current studies suggest that Gardasil provides lifelong protection. To date, studies have followed HPV vaccine recipients for about 10 years; individuals demonstrate high rates of ongoing immunity (Stull et al., 2020; Walker et al., 2018). On June 12, 2020, the FDA approved the use of Gardasil 9 for prevention of oropharyngeal and head and neck cancer (FDA expands Gardasil 9, 2020).
Cancer and exercise
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Tormod S. Nilsen, Pernille Hojman, Henning Wackerhage
In contrast, exercise training may be able to affect the rate of mutations caused by external factors. Although criticised by some researchers, it is estimated that 29% of cancer-causing mutations are linked to external factors, other than bad luck (44). In cancer prevention, less exposure to environmental carcinogens and smoking cessation are often highlighted as external factors leading to cancer. But lifestyle factors such as a healthy diet and sufficient amounts of physical activity are important, modifiable external factors. For example, in a seminal paper published in 2008, McTiernan and co-workers showed that physical activity was linked to lower risk of cancer, based on positive changes in circulatory cancer risk factors, such as sex hormones, insulin and IGFs, as well as inflammatory markers (45).
Overview of Therapeutic Biomarkers in Cancer
Published in Sherry X. Yang, Janet E. Dancey, Handbook of Therapeutic Biomarkers in Cancer, 2021
Sherry X. Yang, Janet E. Dancey Treatment
The achievement is attributed to our growing understanding of cancer genetics and biology, cancer prevention, and improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment. An expanding body of molecular solutions in the treatment of cancer has led to a tailored management. These have created significant needs for predictive (therapeutic) biomarkers as companion diagnostics to identify subsets of patients who are most likely or unlikely to benefit or distinguish those at high risk for serious side effects from a treatment. This book covers current advances on the therapeutic biomarkers that predict response, benefit, or adverse events from a given antineoplastic treatment and, to a lesser degree, on biomarkers of prognosis that influence the choice of treatments. This review volume, in general, does not cover markers for cancer diagnosis, staging of any cancer types, and classification of extent of disease or disease monitoring. Each chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular target or genetic alteration, a class of anti-cancer drugs and in-depth insights of the relevant therapeutic biomarkers.
Is 2045 the best we can do? Mitigating the HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer epidemic
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
Ari Schuman, Karen S. Anderson, Andrew T. Day, Jay Ferrell, Erich M. Sturgis, Kristina R. Dahlstrom
There are currently four HPV vaccines available worldwide, all providing protection against types 16 and 18, the most common oncogenic types [61]. The quadrivalent vaccine additionally protects against types 6 and 11 and the nonavalent vaccine protects against types 6, 11, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Countries with high HPV vaccination coverage are already experiencing dramatically reduced HPV-related benign and premalignant genital HPV-related diseases and early evidence of reduced cervical cancer incidence in younger populations [62,63]. Australia is projected to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem this decade [26]. Therefore, HPV vaccination should be the cornerstone of HPV-related cancer prevention. Unfortunately, global coverage in 2020 was 13%, down from 15% in 2019 [64]. In the U.S., Healthy People 2020 goals (80% of adolescent women vaccinated) were not met and consequently, cervical cancer control in the U.S. will likely be delayed until at least 2038 [28]. Only 75% of adolescents have received one or more doses of the HPV vaccine and only 59% are fully up to date [8]. Although the number of HPV vaccine doses administered to adolescents have recently increased substantially compared to the period March–May 2020, the true effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on HPV vaccination is currently unknown [8]. The number of individuals presenting to primary care for in-person appointments, where these vaccines can be given, has also remained low [65].
Queer in the Heartland: Cancer Risks, Screenings, and Diagnoses among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Iowa
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2022
Paul A. Gilbert, Abigail A. Lee, Lauren Pass, Levi Lappin, Lena Thompson, Kelly Wells Sittig, Elizabeth Baker, Daniel Hoffman-Zinnel
Among protective behaviors, it was encouraging to find the high HPV vaccination completion rate, but we note room for improvement in HPV vaccination initiation. Less than half of participants who were plausibly eligible for HPV vaccine reported ever receiving it. HPV vaccination is a key cancer prevention strategy, particularly as the latest summary of state cancer epidemiology data noted rising levels of HPV-related cancers (West et al., 2019). A small minority of our survey participants were refused HPV vaccine when they brought it up with a health care provider; however, a majority indicated that neither they nor their provider initiated a discussion. We believe this suggests a need to improve capacity to engage in discussions about HPV vaccination. Potential interventions may include coaching for sexual and gender minority patients or prompts for health care providers to initiate discussions of the benefits of HPV vaccination.
Plasma, Prostate and Urine Levels of Tocopherols and Metabolites in Men after Supplementation with a γ-Tocopherol-Rich Vitamin E Mixture
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Susan Goodin, Isaac Kim, Mao-Jung Lee, Weichung J. Shih, Michelle Orlick, Xi Zheng, Chung S. Yang
Whether VE prevents or promotes cancer is an intriguing topic. Based on our review of the results from animal and human studies, we propose that at nutritional levels, α-T, γ-T and δ-T are all cancer preventive; however, at supra-nutritional levels, only γ-T and δ-T are effective (1). Possible mechanisms of cancer prevention by tocopherols include antioxidant action, which is shared by all forms of tocopherols (1). In addition, because of unmethylated carbon at the 5-position of the chromanol ring, γ-T and δ-T can more effectively quench reactive nitrogen species than α-T (2). Recent results from animal and cell line studies also suggest that δ-T can more effectively decrease the phosphorylation of AKT than other tocopherols (33,44). An interesting possibility for the higher cancer preventive activities of γ-T and δ-T is the possible cancer preventive activities of their side-chain metabolites. Longer-chain metabolites, such as 13′-carboxychromanols (13′-COOHs) and 11′-COOHs, have been shown to lower prostaglandin levels and to have anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and apoptosis promoting activities (4). All these activities may result in cancer prevention. Short-chain metabolites – CEHCs and CMBHCs – retaining the intact chromanol ring structure, may also contribute to cancer preventive activity.