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Mediastinal tumours
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Radiographically, mediastinal goiters are encapsulated, lobulated, heterogeneous tumours (6). The key to diagnosing an anterior mediastinal mass as a thyroid lesion is to follow the lesion up into the neck and look for evidence of thyroid lobe involvement (Figure 5.12). Because of the high iodine content, these masses may demonstrate higher CT attenuation on non-contrast scans and persistent enhancement above baseline on post-contrast scans (101,102). Both benign and malignant thyroid masses, including goiters, thyroiditis, and thyroid neoplasms, may calcify and contain areas of heterogeneity due to haemorrhage, fibrosis, or cysts. Goiters tend to be well marginated. A lesion with ill-defined margins and nearby lymph node enlargement suggests the diagnosis of thyroid cancer; invasion of an adjacent structure, such as the trachea, is diagnostic for a neoplasm (103). The finding of multiple concomitant small lung nodules is suspicious for metastatic disease from thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer can also metastasize to mediastinal lymph nodes.
Taking Prognostic Signatures to the Clinic
Published in Brian Leyland-Jones, Pharmacogenetics of Breast Cancer, 2020
Michail Ignatiadis, Christos Sotiriou
Using the second approach, the hypothesis-driven approach, Chang et al. tried to identify the molecular similarities between cancer invasion/metastasis and wound healing (18). They developed a gene signature to characterize the response of fibroblasts to serum. When they applied these genes to primary gene expression profiling data from multiple data sets, they observed that the presence of a wound-healing phenotype in the primary tumor was related with worse clinical outcome in various cancers, including breast cancer. Similar to the 70- and 76-gene signatures, the wound-response signature provided better risk stratification than the NIH and St. Gallen criteria. Furthermore, it was able to refine prognosis in the 295 patient data sets of van de Vijver et al. (10) beyond existing clinicopathological risk factors and the 70-gene signature (19). In conclusion, Chang et al., using a hypothesis-driven approach, apart from identifying a gene expression prognostic signature, have offered novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of metastasis by linking this process with wound healing.
Endometrial malignant lesions
Published in T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng, Richard Wing-Cheuk Wong, Hao Chen, Diagnostic Endometrial Pathology, 2019
T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng
Measurement of the depth of invasion sounds relatively simple. In reality, however, it is complex due to the following compounding factors: irregular endomyometrial junction, presence of adenomyosis and specific invasive patterns. This complexity is reflected in the relatively high interobserver variability in diagnosing endometrial cancer invasion.35 Gynecologic pathologists typically report lower depths of invasion than nonspecialists, suggesting that overestimating invasion is a more significant problem than underestimating invasion.35
Interleukin-22 promotes the migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2020
Shihoko Komine-Aizawa, Sohichi Aizawa, Chika Takano, Satoshi Hayakawa
We also observed that IL-22 is associated with expression of EMT-related molecules in SAS cells. EMT also contributes to cancer invasion. Abe et al. [30] reported that the vimentin and N-cadherin expression levels were significantly correlated with the invasion depth of cancer cells and lymphovascular invasion by immunohistochemical analysis. IL-22 induces mesenchymal gene and protein expression and reduces epithelial gene and protein expression in primary healthy salivary gland epithelial cells [31]. In the present study, IL-22 upregulated vimentin, Snail, and Slug expression in SAS cells. Although E-cadherin expression showed a decreasing tendency with IL-22 treatment, the change was not significant. Further studies are required to elucidate the IL-22-induced mechanisms of EMT using primary tumor samples, because the response to IL-22 varies in different OSCC cell lines [5].
The potential mechanism of miR-130b on promotion of the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting Notch-Dll1
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2020
Chao Ou, Ning-fu Peng, Hang Li, Yu-chong Peng, Le-Qun Li
Notch signaling pathway is a classical signaling network pathway that is highly conserved in the evolution of organisms. It plays an important role in tumorigenicity and tumor progression, by regulating cancer cells proliferation, cancer invasion, and tumor microenvironment. The ligands of Notch are Dll1, Dll3, Dll4, Jaggedl and Jagged2, and the Notch-Dll1 gene is a Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Delta Like Canonical Notch Ligand 1, Dll1), which is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 6q27. Previous studies have shown that Notch-Dll1 can promote tumor metastasis by increasing adhesion [8], and it plays a significant role in many types of cancer [9]. A number of studies have shown interactions between the Notch signaling pathway and miRNAs, such as miR-34a [10] and miR-449a [11], and so on. However, the interaction of miR-130b and Notch-Dll1 in liver cancer metastasis has not been clarified. In this study, we intend to demonstrated whether miR-130b is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk and is involved in the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by Notch-Dll1 pathway.
Exosome-carried microRNA-based signature as a cellular trigger for the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia into Richter syndrome
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
Ancuta Jurj, Laura Pop, Bobe Petrushev, Sergiu Pasca, Delia Dima, Ioana Frinc, Dalma Deak, Minodora Desmirean, Adrian Trifa, Bogdan Fetica, Grigore Gafencu, Sonia Selicean, Vlad Moisoiu, Wilhelm-Thomas Micu, Cristian Berce, Alexandra Sacu, Alin Moldovan, Andrei Colita, Horia Bumbea, Alina Tanase, Angela Dascalescu, Mihnea Zdrenghea, Rares Stiufiuc, Nicolae Leopold, Romulus Tetean, Emil Burzo, Ciprian Tomuleasa, Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
Different subtypes of exosomes are responsible for carrying specific messages for cell biochemistry and physiology [62]. One major step in cancer initiation and development is the modulation of the immune system and exosomes have been suggested to be the major factors in repressing the immune surveillance of tumors [63]. The exosomes bind to leukocytes in both the central and the peripheral lymphoid organs, followed by the uptake of solid-derived cells via binding of tetraspanin-associated adhesion molecules to target cell ligands [64,65]. In cancer invasion, the regional lymph nodes are usually the first sites involved, followed by bone, lungs, and the liver [66]. The status of the sentinel lymph node is one of the most important prognostic factors in various malignancies [67–69]. A patient with diagnosed lymph node metastasis has worse prognosis, but to metastasize, cancer cells must alter the distant microenvironment site to optimize the adherence of metastatic cancer cell adherence and growth.