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Cancer and exercise
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Tormod S. Nilsen, Pernille Hojman, Henning Wackerhage
Above, we discussed how mutations could transform healthy cells into cancer cells. However, cancer cells alone do not make a tumour. To sustain growth and metastasise, cancer cells make a symbiotic relationship with several “normal” cells, which constitute the tumour microenvironment (21). These normal cells include predominantly fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as many others.
Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
In the UK, a new cancer is diagnosed every two minutes. This chapter explains how cancer starts, grows and spreads. It describes types of cancer cells, stages of cancer and the most common sites in the body where malignant tumours are found, with their symptoms. The burden of cancer is described through an overview of current epidemiological data. The non-modifiable and modifiable causes of cancer are explained with recommendations for how to prevent 40% of cancers. The chapter ends with an outline of the secondary and tertiary prevention of cancer.
Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Tests are currently being developed that will have sufficient sensitivity to detect one cancer cell among a billion blood cells. This type of test should indicate whether an existing tumor has spread elsewhere in the body or is likely to do so. The same type of test can also show if the level of blood-borne cancer cells falls in response to treatment, thus providing clinicians with clearer information on the progress of treatment and sometimes informing the best next steps for treatment.
Recent progress in the development of nanomaterials targeting multiple cancer metabolic pathways: a review of mechanistic approaches for cancer treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ling Zhang, Bing-Zhong Zhai, Yue-Jin Wu, Yin Wang
Cancer is reported as the major cause of premature death in China and other developed nations (Bray et al., 2021). GLOBOCAN 2020 reported that there were 19,292,789 cases of cancer and 9,958,133 deaths from cancer worldwide in 2020 (Sung et al., 2021). Since 2000, the prevalence and mortality of cancer in China have risen gradually (Wei et al., 2020). Cancer cells are distinguished by their uncontrolled proliferation, transformation, and migration to other parts of the body, as well as their propensity to harm normal cells (Suresh, 2007). Cancer cells acquire atypical metabolic pathways to get energy and raw materials for achieving the energy requirements for vigorous cell growth and migration. The reason cancer cells acquire energy via atypical metabolic pathways is that their metabolism is more vigorous than that of normal cells (Zanotelli et al., 2021). Multiple carcinogenic signaling pathways regulate three primary metabolic pathways in cancer cells. These metabolic pathways include lipid, amino acid, and glucose metabolism (Dzobo et al., 2020). The distinctive metabolism of cancer cells implies that changes at the metabolic level are essential for the development and genesis of cancer cells.
MicroRNA-143 inhibits proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Elshan Bajhan, Behzad Mansoori, Ali Mohammadi, Dariush Shanehbandi, Vahid Khaze Shahgoli, Elham Baghbani, Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh, Behzad Baradaran
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs with 18–25 nucleotides (Shenouda and Alahari 2009) and categorised into two classes of oncogenic and tumour suppressor miRNAs (Croce 2009). The results of studies in recent years have changed the traditional thought regarding cancer. Nowadays it is obvious that the cancer cells are developed by mutations of several genes, and in fact, cancer is genetically very complicated (Mansoori et al. 2015). About 30% of the human genes are controlled by miRNAs, thus, these molecules can have a role in different and important processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metabolism, viral replication, immune responses as well as stress responses (Reid et al. 2011, Bhayani et al. 2012). Treatment based on miRNAs could be carried out to returning the expression level of the tumour-associated genes to their original level (Gerlinger et al. 2012). Like other cancers, tumour-suppressive miRNAs in PC consist of miRNAs whose levels of expression have an adverse correlation with the rate and severity of cancer (Iio et al. 2013, Wu et al. 2013). Since these miRNAs target the oncogenic signalling pathways leading to growth, proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells, they are very effective in the prevention of PC, and also they can be used to treat or control the disease in different ways (Mansoori et al. 2015).
Development, evaluation, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution estimation of resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for prostate cancer targeting
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Alok Nath Sharma, Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
When cells in the body begin to grow out of control, called as cancer. Cancer cells can develop in practically any part of the body and spread to other parts of the body. When cells in the prostate gland begin to grow out of control, prostate cancer develops. The prostate gland is only found in men. It produces some of the fluid found in sperm (Ostrom et al.2014). The prostate is located beneath the bladder (a hollow organ that stores urine) and in front of the rectum (the last part of the intestines). Seminal vesicles, located just behind the prostate, produce the majority of the fluid for semen. The urethra, the tube that transports urine and sperm out of the body through the penis, runs through the prostate’s core. Older males and non-Hispanic Black men are more prone to acquire prostate cancer. Men aged 65 and up account for about 6 out of every 10 instances. It is a diverse disease, with incidence rates ranging from 6.3 to 83.4 per 100,000 individuals around the world (Wang et al.2012).