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Role of Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Cancer immunotherapy deals with the treating cancer by modulating the body’s own immune system rather than directly killing of tumor cells unlike other treatment methods. Cancer immunotherapy revert back the cancer development process to immunosurveillance stage (Figure 12.1). It employs enhancing the immune activation (accelerator) and/or releases the immune brakes.
Peptide Vaccines in Cancers
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Öznur Özge Özcan, Rümeysa Rabia Kocatürk, Fadime Canbolat
While NPs can offer effective solutions in conventional drug administration, they can also offer effective solutions in the field of cancer immunotherapy. There are still difficulties in cancer immunotherapy, especially because of the poor immunogenicity of cancer vaccines and because immunotherapies can come up with unwanted side effects (Özcan and Karahan 2019). Many different biological and physicochemical activities of NPs which are especially approved or still studied, are versatile systems that can overcome these problems and cancer immunotherapy (Fan and Moon 2015). Also, despite the important efficacy of cancer vaccines, traditional vaccination approaches have been insufficient on the immune response to achieve successful treatments or complete protection from tumor vaccines (Rosenberg, Yang, and Restifo 2004) (Figure 11.6).
AI and Autoimmunity
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly growing field that has recently demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies.54 Numerous clinical approaches have been developed to redirect and/or augment immune function against tumor cells. The application of adoptive cell transfer therapy (ACT therapy) for the treatment of malignant cancers has been expanded by the use of T lymphocytes engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs).55
Nanoparticles releasing immunogenic cell death inducers upon near-infrared light exposure
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Oliver Kepp, Giulia Cerrato, Allan Sauvat, Guido Kroemer
The success of cancer immunotherapy strongly depends on the (re)invigoration of cancer immunosurveillance. Therapeutically relevant anticancer immune responses can be stimulated by a restricted panel of chemotherapeutics, targeted agents, oncolytics as well as by radiotherapy, all of which are activators of defined immunogenic cell stress and cell death (ICD) circuitries.1 The spatially defined sequential emission of danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the course of ICD defines the level of adjuvanticity of succumbing malignant cells and the consequent initiation of T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. DAMPs emitted in the course of ICD trigger the attraction, activation and maturation and thus the functional engagement of antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs). The attraction and homing of DCs is driven by the liberation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and annexin A1 (ANXA1) by malignant cells, respectively. Moreover, relocation and subsequent exposure of calreticulin (CALR) serves as a phagocytic signal for DCs. CALR exposure, together with the production of type I interferons and the exodus of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), triggers tumor antigen transfer and DC maturation. In sum, ICD elicits the tumor antigen-specific DC-mediated priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), resulting in anticancer immunity, tumor lysis and disease control that finally outlasts treatment discontinuation.2
Development of an In Vitro Assay to Assess Pharmacological Compounds and Reversion of Tumor-Derived Immunosuppression of Dendritic Cells
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Mikkel Møller Andersen, Jesper Larsen, Morten Hansen, Anders Elm Pedersen, Monika Gad
Cancer immunotherapy is a field of research that has received much attention in recent years, which has led to the development of several therapies that are at the forefront of the treatment of cancers previously associated with poor prognosis. Yet, it has become clear that not all patients respond to these therapies, as is the case of the otherwise successful immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) (Pitt et al. 2016). There is therefore an increasing interest in developing new compounds within immuno-oncology that can exploit other immunological pathways than the ICIs already approved by medicine agencies. For such development, an increasing need to test such compounds in simple pharmacological assays at an early stage of drug development is emerging. One such relevant model is an in vitro model to assess the effect of a pharmacological compounds on the complex interactions between the tumor microenvironment and the resident immune cells, such as dendritic cells.
The synergistic antitumor activity of 3-(2-nitrophenyl) propionic acid-paclitaxel nanoparticles (NPPA-PTX NPs) and anti-PD-L1 antibody inducing immunogenic cell death
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Xiao-Chuan Duan, Li-Yuan Peng, Xin Yao, Mei-Qi Xu, Hui Li, Shuai-Qiang Zhang, Zhuo-Yue Li, Jing-Ru Wang, Zhen-Han Feng, Guang-Xue Wang, Ai Liao, Ying Chen, Xuan Zhang
Cancer immunotherapy is a therapeutic strategy that stimulates the body’s immune system against tumors, it is quickly becoming the future of cancer treatment in modern times (Couzin-Frankel, 2013). Up to now, the best and most successful strategy is to block the checkpoint molecules which suppress the antitumor immunity to reactivate the immune system, resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy using monoclonal antibodies to block the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has emerged as a promising approach for clinical treatments of cancers such as bladder cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (Powles et al., 2014; Peters et al., 2017; Rittmeyer et al., 2017). Immune checkpoint inhibitors release the immune suppression caused by tumorigenesis (Dunn et al., 2002; Vinay et al., 2015), thereby reactivating the T cells, leading to the rediscovery and eradication of tumor cells by the host immune system.