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Applications of Antiviral Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Anusha Konatala, Sai Brahma Penugonda, Fain Parackel, Sudhakar Pola
The treatment of cancer can be targeted to prevent damage to healthy cells since this will increase the treatment quality and life expectancy of the affected individuals. Approaches toward targeted cancer therapy hold a lot of promise with respect to the outcomes and side effects of treatment. Cancer therapy and delivery of diagnostic molecules can be targeted either actively (through specific cell surface antigens/markers) or passively (through the enhanced permeability and retention or EPR effect). Cancer diagnosis is usually determined by the moderate accumulation of the imaging probes (Li et al. 2021). Among the different NPs involved in actively targeting cancer diagnosis, dendrimers are a part the frontrunners for being molecules of interest due to their high density and several terminal groups (Li et al. 2021). A few of the advantages with using dendrimers are as follows:Different surface groups provide different resolutions of imagesLonger retention of dendrimers in lymph nodes due to the phosphate groups at the terminals provides more specific imaging (Nishimoto et al. 2020)The carboxy-terminal groups are noted to have a disposition to the osteolytic bone lesions and bone tumours (Yan et al. 2019)
Artificial Intelligence is Revolutionizing Cancer Research
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
B. Sudha, K. Suganya, K. Swathi, S. Sumathi
The timing of cancer identification, the accuracy of cancer diagnosis, and staging are all critical factors that influence clinical decision-making and outcomes. AI has made substantial contributions to this essential field of cancer in only a few years, with sometimes performance comparable to human specialists and with the added benefits of scalability and automation (Bhinder et al. 2021).
Gynecologic Cancers and Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Nathalie D. McKenzie, Nnamdi I. Gwacham, Sarfraz Ahmad
Modifiable lifestyle factors, such as obesity, lack of physical activity, stress, and smoking, contribute to the risk of cancer and QoL after cancer diagnosis. Obesity interplays with both the gut microbiome and estrogen metabolism and is a prime driver of carcinogenesis in EC. Obesity is also one of the strongest determinants of gut microbiome and uterine microbiome composition. It has been well established that the gut microbiome of obese individuals is distinct from that of lean individuals and is enriched in genes involved with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. For EC, obesity continues to be the strongest risk factor, while new evidence suggests that physical activity, oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), and bariatric surgery may be protective against EC. Other medications, such as metformin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may be protective, and interventional research is ongoing. For ovarian cancer, we find increasing evidence to support the hypothesis that obesity and hormone replacement therapy increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. OCPs are protective against ovarian cancer but are underutilized. For EC and ovarian cancer survivors, physical activity and weight loss are associated with improved QoL.
Model-based screening for pancreatic cancer in Sweden
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Tomasz Draus, Daniel Ansari, Roland Andersson
The number of patients with new-onset diabetes was multiplied by the ratio of patients with simultaneous diabetes and pancreatic cancer, and the ratio of patients diagnosed with diabetes within two years prior to the cancer diagnosis, giving the number of patients who in theory could selected by screening. The number of patients with familial/hereditary pancreatic cancer and mean number of at-risk kindreds were acquired from Klein et al. [20] and adapted to a Swedish setting. Early symptoms such as weight loss, abdominal pain, lethargy, and dyspepsia has been seen in up to two years before cancer diagnosis. The number of pancreatic cancer patients were multiplied by the ratio of pancreatic cancer patients with symptoms within 2 years pre-diagnosis [23] and divided by the prevalence of pancreatic cancer within the early symptoms group to acquire the size of the potential screening population. These groups were chosen due to increased incidence of pancreatic cancer.
Tumor-targeted Gd-doped mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticles for T1/T2 MR imaging guided synergistic cancer therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Shaohui Zheng, Shang Jin, Min Jiao, Wenjun Wang, Xiaoyu Zhou, Jie Xu, Yong Wang, Peipei Dou, Zhen Jin, Changyu Wu, Jingjing Li, Xinting Ge, Kai Xu
Among these versatile functions, medical imaging occupies the primary role in precise cancer diagnosis, which is also able to guide the cancer treatment process (Kijima et al., 2014). Up to date, various imaging methods have been developed for biomedical imaging, including fluorescence imaging (FL), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography imaging (CT), position emission tomography (PET), photoacoustic imaging (PA), etc. (Cuevas & Shibata, 2009; Berges et al., 2010; Fan et al., 2014; Tempany et al., 2015). Among the various medical imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very powerful and noninvasive imaging tool to provide high 3D spatially resolved images with the information on the anatomy, function and metabolism of tissues in vivo (Fernando et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2013). Normally, MR imaging is performed in T1 or T2 mode based on the T1-weighted contrast agents (CAs) or T2-weighted CAs, respectively, to improve the sensitivity of MR imaging. However, each contrast agent possesses its own merits and limitations in MR imaging applications (Czeyda-Pommersheim et al., 2017).
Liquid biopsy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, and exosomes
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Wen-Ying Yang, Lin-Fei Feng, Xiang Meng, Ran Chen, Wen-Hua Xu, Jun Hou, Tao Xu, Lei Zhang
Nowadays, liquid biopsy has been a new and noninvasive technique to collect circulating biomarkers in HNSCC. The common biomarkers include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and exosomes in the body fluids (Figure 1). In general, the detection of increased CTCs after therapy can indicate tumor recurrence and reduced survival. Additionally, ctDNA can represent tumor biology better by known mutations and epigenetic alteration. DNA methylation is the widely used epigenetic biomarker, which has high sensitivity and specificity in HNSCC diagnosis. Thus, liquid biopsy can provide researchers with more detailed and individual information from cancer diagnosis to tumor monitoring by collecting samples successively [7]. This review focused on the clinical applications of circulating biomarkers (CTCs, ctDNA, and exosomes) in peripheral blood of HNSCC patients and address future perspectives in this fast-evolving field.