China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
S
Published in Filomena Pereira-Maxwell, Medical Statistics, 2018
Or small area statistics. The range of techniques that may be employed in sur veys and other studies, in order to shift estimation from the population to the subpopulation or local level. These techniques have been used, for example, to evaluate cancer clusters in connection with specific environmental exposures, such as the occurrence of leukaemia cases around the Sellafield (UK) nuclear plant. See ELLIOTT & WARTENBERG (2004) for an in-depth discussion of the analytical framework, types of studies, and methodological issues and challenges in carrying out small area estimation, with special focus on disease mapping and clustering, ecological studies (geographical correlation studies), and cluster detection and surveillance. See also spatial epidemiology.
Epidemiological Approaches to Studying Cancer I
Published in Peter G. Shields, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2005
Although the study of cancer clusters has not had direct applicability to regulatory risk assessment to date, knowledge and perspective on this topic are of considerable value to the public health and medical practitioner. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has provided recommendations for local and state health departments in the management and investigation of cancer and other disease clusters reported by the public (82). A scientific publication of the International Agency for Research on Cancer provides information on choices of statistical methods for investigating localized clustering of disease (83).
Hereditary Prostate Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Veda N. Giri, Jennifer Beebe-Dimmer, Kathleen A. Cooney
In the latter part of the twentieth century, investigators began to observe that prostate cancer clusters within families [8]. Initial segregation studies suggested that the best model for the disease was autosomal dominant inheritance of one or more rare alleles which contributes preferentially to EO disease [9–12.] This observation inspired clinicians and researchers around the world to collect pedigree information and DNA samples from families with multiple cases of prostate cancer. Genome-wide linkage scans were completed on a large number of families which led to the identification of a number of potential prostate cancer risk loci; however, many of these loci could not be consistently confirmed in follow-up studies (see reviews [13,14]). There are a number of reasons why prostate cancer linkage studies have been challenging. First, prostate cancer is very clinically heterogeneous, and no specific phenotype has been associated with hereditary disease, though recently up to 12% of men with metastatic disease have been reported to have inherited genetic mutations [6,7]. Second, the majority of men with prostate cancer are diagnosed at an older age, making it often challenging to obtain clinical histories and DNA samples from men in vertical generations. Finally, use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to identify asymptomatic prostate cancer cases was introduced around 1990, resulting in a dramatic increase in the number of cases detected in countries where testing was available. Unfortunately, many of these cancers were, in hindsight, low-volume and/or low-grade cancers which are extremely prevalent in the general population and may not need treatment [15]. Since family history is a well-recognized risk factor for prostate cancer, PSA testing has been preferentially used in men with a positive family history, leading to the overdiagnosis of sporadic cases in families [16] and subsequent loss of statistical power for prostate cancer linkage studies.
The truth will out: a reflection on the life and times of Alice Stewart
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
In 1987, a conference7 was held at the Hammersmith Hospital jointly organized by Robin Russell Jones, then chair of the FoE pollution Advisory Committee, and Richard Southwood, Chair of the NRPB. Alice attended the meeting and gave a paper on Childhood Cancers in the UK and their Relation to Background Radiation (Kneale and Stewart 1987). The abstract stated that by using the OSCC data and NRPB background radiation information it was clear that background radiation itself played a role, and that the cancers then had a clustered form. In her view, background radiation included not only natural background but all ‘man-made additions…including leakages of radioactivity from a reprocessing plant.’ She concluded that the existence of the childhood cancer clusters in the vicinity of two reprocessing plants ‘must await the collection of more epidemiological data.’
Effects from physical exercise on reduced cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Silvia Belloni, Cristina Arrigoni, Rosario Caruso
This study has several limitations. Firstly, since we aimed to include high-quality evidence, only two specific cancer clusters (breast and prostate patients) resulted from the selection process and were suitable for the subgroup analysis. Secondly, comparisons across the systematic reviews revealed no univocal operational definition and categorization of unidimensional and multidimensional fatigue measures, and multiple scales have been utilized in the clinical trials. Thirdly, the usual care or conventional treatment approaches vary across the studies related to the local standard of care. This heterogeneity generated concerns about the synthesis and interpretability of the systematic review’s results. Nevertheless, this is the first systematic review of reviews and metanalysis, which provides a clear understanding of physical exercise’s impact on cancer-related fatigue, focusing on specific cancer populations. Forth, the design adopted for this systematic review of systematic reviews is not suitable for detecting associations between CRF and physical exercise over time by considering crucial time points, such as during treatment and after treatment. Having this information is pivotal to precisely ascertain when physical exercise might be more effective in reducing CRF. For this reason, future reviews designed to capture longitudinal data are required.
Tertiary lymphoid structure signatures are associated with survival and immunotherapy response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2021
Lin Zhou, Bin Xu, Yushan Liu, Zhong Wang
To unravel relevant genetic alterations, we next investigated the distributions of somatic alterations and observed different patterns among bladder cancer clusters in terms of gene mutations (Figure 4h). Since the survival differences were related with the expressional alterations in the identified clusters, drugs targeting on the genes with high mutation rates for classifying the subtypes may generate distinctive effects on the subtypes. To identify potential drug targets, potential druggable genes were mapped based on known inhibitors cataloged in the Drug Gene Interaction Database .18 These plot (Fig. S10) shows potential druggable gene categories along with upto top 5 genes involved in them. As results, we found different druggable genomes (MIC A: EP300, ERBB2, FAT4, MUC16 and PIK3CA; MIC B: EP300, FGFR3, HMCN1, MUC16 and MUC17; MIC C: ATM, BIRC6, FAT3, FGFR3 and HMCN1; MIC D: ATM, EP300, FAT1, HMCN1 and KMT2A; MIC E: HMCN1, KMT2A, MUC16, MUC17 and PIK3CA; MIC F: ATM, EP300, FAT4, HMCN1 and MUC16.) may be highly contributable to the survival differences between the identified subtypes. For MIBC patients, more attention should be paid on these drugs since patients from different subtypes may have distinctive responses to these drugs.