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Oncology
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
These drugs are classed as antineoplastics and are often referred to as cytotoxic agents since their use in cancer treatment is to destroy the abnormal cells. Hormonal therapy is employed to treat tumors that arise from hormonally mediated tissues such as the breast, prostate, and endometrium. Chemotherapeutic regimens of multiple agents are often used and are commonly referred to by abbreviations listed in Table 18.3 A number of adverse effects on various parts of the body are associated with the use of these antineoplastic drugs. Some of the terms frequently associated with these adverse effects are listed in Table 18.4
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antineoplastic Drugs
Published in Robert I. Glazer, Developments in Cancer Chemotherapy, 2019
Philip J. Vickers, Alan J. Townsend, Kenneth H. Cowan
Many antineoplastic drugs must be activated by various biochemical transformations before they can exert their cytotoxic effect. The parent compounds must, therefore, be considered “prodrugs”, with their metabolites being the active species. These biological transformations represent necessary steps in the action of these drugs. Thus, alterations in these processes can render target cells resistant to these prodrugs (Table 3).
Occupational Exposures and Reproduction
Published in Michele Kiely, Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2019
Women working in hospitals and health care facilities are the group most frequently studied regarding risk of spontaneous abortion. In spite of several large investigations of exposure to anesthetic gases no firm conclusions can be drawn as yet.30 There are, however, two work exposures to women hospital workers that are accepted as causing an increased risk of spontaneous abortion: (1) ethylene oxide, used as a sterilant, and (2) antineoplastic agents, medications dispensed to cancer patients. These associations were identified in separate investigations in Finland: the first, a retrospective cohort study of hospital sterilizing staff31 and the second, a case-control study of fetal loss among nurses preparing drug doses at major cancer chemotherapy centers.32 Both studies used existing national registries of health care personnel and obstetric events. In the study of the sterilizing staff, the risk of miscarriage was increased 60% or more among nurses exposed during pregnancy to ethylene oxide. The case-control study reported a risk ratio of 2.3 for exposure to antineoplastic agents but was not able to separate the effects of particular drugs. Antineoplastic drugs commonly used include alkylating agents, antimitotics, antimetabolites and antibiotics.
PD-1 blockade synergizes with oxaliplatin-based, but not cisplatin-based, chemotherapy of gastric cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Peng Liu, Jianzhou Chen, Liwei Zhao, Antoine Hollebecque, Oliver Kepp, Laurence Zitvogel, Guido Kroemer
Platinum-based antineoplastic drugs are among the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents employed for the treatment of solid tumors including but not limited to lung, colorectal, gastric, and head and neck cancers1. Cisplatin is a first-generation platinum drug initially approved by the FDA for testicular and ovarian cancers and has been, and still is, one of the most employed chemotherapeutic agents in clinical routine.2 Despite the landmark success during the dawn of chemotherapy in the 1970s, major limitations of cisplatin are the (inevitable) occurrence of drug resistance as well as considerable side effects.3 Since then, new generation analogues with equivalent or increased antitumor activity and decreased risk of adverse effects have been developed and introduced into clinical oncology.4 Oxaliplatin, a second generation anticancer agent, turned out to be as efficient as cisplatin in the treatment of gastric cancers. Systematic meta-analysis of clinical trials in advanced gastric cancer comparing oxaliplatin-based treatment regimens with cisplatin-mediated effects revealed equivalent or superior antineoplastic effects of oxaliplatin that were coupled to a favorable safety profile associated with less neutropenia and fewer thromboembolic events, but with increased neurotoxicity.5–10 Of note, accumulating evidence suggests that the improved anticancer efficacy of oxaliplatin depends at least in part on the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD),11–13 which stimulates potent antitumor immune responses.
Ameliorative effects of hexane extract of Garcinia kola seeds Heckel (Clusiaceae) in cisplatin-induced hepatorenal toxicity in mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Adeniyi Folayan, Emmanuel Akani, Olayinka A. Adebayo, Olubukola O. Akanni, Solomon E. Owumi, Abiola S. Tijani, Oluwatosin A. Adaramoye
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have emerged as the most common modalities of cancer treatment (Jin et al.2015). Due to the effectiveness and non-selectivity of many antineoplastic drugs, severe adverse effects such as destruction of healthy cells, tiredness, immunosuppression, bleeding, irritation of gastrointestinal tract, hair loss, and specific organ damage are common during chemotherapy. Cisplatin, an anticancer agent, is a universally used drug for the management of many solid tumors (Rabik and Dolan 2007). The wide acceptability of Cisplatin in cancer treatment is restricted due to its toxicity, which includes hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity (Ali et al.2015). Studies revealed that cisplatin toxicity is mediated via reactive oxygen species generation (Almaghrabi 2015). Hence, a significant reduction in the degree of cisplatin toxicity has been achieved by the use of antioxidants (Aksoy et al.2015). Therefore, the search for safe and effective chemoprotective agents to mitigate cisplatin-induced toxicity is still an active area of research.
Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of cisplatin-bound triblock polymeric micelle solution for ovarian cancer treatment
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Güliz Ak, Irfan Akartas, Buket Özel, Nur Selvi Günel, Hatice Yeşim Karasulu, Barış Gümüştaş, Ercüment Karasulu, Şenay Hamarat Şanlıer
The oral route is the main focus due to enhanced patient compliance and ease of drug use. The oral route is one of the most traditional and efficient ways of drug use. The main advantage of the oral route is safety and compliance with drug use. Oral application of antineoplastic drugs has some limitations due to their physicochemical properties, and instabilities of physiological barriers. The oral application of polymeric micelles has some advantages such as controlled drug release, the constant plasma concentration of drug, lymphatic targeting, enhanced drug interaction with cancer cells, ease of chemotherapy and treatment of chronic diseases [12]. As well as the oral route it has some advantages when compared with the intravenous. Intravenous injection is uncomfortable for patients due to pain and infection risk of the injection area [10,12,13].