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The female reproductive system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
The majority of cervical carcinomas are exophytic, and present as ulcerating masses protruding into the vagina (Figure 15.7). The cervical smear technique is therefore ideal for the detection of exfoliated cells from these tumours. This also explains why many of these tumours present with vaginal bleeding, either spontaneous or postcoital. Some tumours, however, are endophytic, i.e. they grow inwards. These may be squamous in type, but are more frequently adenocarcinomas. This pattern of growth classically leads to a ‘barrel-shaped’ cervix, and such tumours may not be detectable by cervical smear until they are relatively advanced. The main tumour types that occur in the cervix are: Squamous cell carcinomaAdenocarcinoma of usual typeAdenosquamous carcinoma
Head and Neck Pathology
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Ram Moorthy, Adrian T. Warfield, Max Robinson
Adenosquamous carcinoma is an uncommon variant of HNSCC, which is considered aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis.35 It predominantly affects males in the sixth or seventh decade. The larynx, and occasionally the hypopharynx, is the most commonly affected site. Macroscopically, the tumour resembles a typical HNSCC. Microscopically, the tumour is characterized by the presence of conventional SCC admixed with a variable proportion of true glanduloductal elements indicative of divergent differentiation. Mucin histochemistry and keratin immunoprofiling may aid distinction from acantholytic SCC with pseudoglandular growth and also from mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Respiratory System
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Tom P. McKevitt, David J. Lewis
Nasal cavity adenocarcinomas frequently arise from respiratory epithelium (Brown et al. 1991), and also from transitional or glandular epithelium, Bowman’s glands, or the epithelium of the paranasal sinuses. Cells may retain a columnar appearance or be irregular or anaplastic. Cellular patterns vary; only well-differentiated adenocarcinomas are likely to produce prominent glandular or cystic structures lined by typical secretory cells. Where glandular structures are seen, the lumina are likely to be filled by mucosubstances. Penetration of the basement membrane provides clear evidence of malignancy. Some adenocarcinomas may contain regions of squamous metaplasia. In these tumors, the squamous regions tend to be well differentiated and appear benign; this is used to differentiate from adenosquamous carcinoma that has both squamous and glandular neoplastic elements. Tumors arising from Bowman’s glands must be differentiated from neuroepithelial carcinoma by demonstration of neural elements or rosette formation in the latter. Test article-related nasal adenocarcinomas have been reported in the Bowman’s gland, following an inhalation carcinogenicity study with a PDE-IV inhibitor (Pino et al. 1999) and an oral (dietary) carcinogenicity study with phenacetin (Isaka et al. 1979), both in the Sprague–Dawley rat.
VEGF single nucleotide polymorphisms predict improved outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2023
Huijie Qi, Wenxin Zhang, Yan Wang, Mengxi Ge, Tianxiao Wang, Liudi Zhang, Mingkang Zhong, Xiaojin Shi, Xiaohua Liang, Qiong Zhan, Qunyi Li
The details of patients’ characteristics in the study are listed in Table 1. In total, 196 advanced NSCLC patients were enrolled, who were comprised of 127 (64.8%) males and 69 (35.2%) females. The numbers of never and former/current smokers were 118 (60.2%) and 78 (39.8%), respectively. The age of all patients ranged from 38 to 82 years with median of 60 years. Most patients (n = 170, 86.7%) had a good performance status (0–1). All patients were histological diagnosed with advanced NSCLC, 31 (15.8%) in stage IIIA, 42 (21.4%) in stage IIIB and 123 (62.8%) in stage IV. For tumour histology, we classified it with three types, adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and others (included adenosquamous carcinoma, mixed-cell, neuroendocrine, or undifferentiated carcinoma). Adenocarcinoma (n = 137, 69.9%) was the most common type. All patients were treated with first-line platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. Among different chemotherapy combinations, 128 (65.3%) patients received AP (platinum-pemetrexed), while 39 (19.9%) received TP (platinum-taxol) treatment. There are 15 patients carried two EGFR mutations, so the incidence of EGFR mutation is 46/196 (23.5%) in this study. At the survival analysis, the median PFS of NSCLC patients was 262 days.
The Impact of Minimally Invasive Surgery on Treating Patients with Early Cervical Adenocarcinoma
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Hui Zhu, Yifen Yan, Ying Liu, Linghu Meng
From April 2016 to December 2019, patients who were diagnosed with early CA in our hospital were prospectively included as the study subjects according to random number table. The inclusion criteria were as follow: 1. Patients with CA or adenosquamous carcinoma confirmed by biopsy. 2. Patients diagnosed with stage Ib1-IIa2 CA according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 clinical staging standard [7]. 3. Normal liver and kidney function. 4. Normal coagulation function. 5. Signed informed consents could be provided. The exclusion criteria were as follow: 1. Pathological diagnosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma or other pathological types after biopsy. 2. Unwilling to participate in the study. 3. Lost to follow-up. 4. Patients with advanced stage of CA. This study protocol met the relevant requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association and was approved by the ethical committee of our hospital.
RET rearrangements in non–small cell lung cancer and implications for the future of precision drug development
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2018
To date, several cancer genome sequencing studies have discovered RET fusions in 1%–2% of unselected lung cancers [14,17]. Distinct studies have tried to elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics of RET rearranged lung cancers. Most of the tumors are adenocarcinoma, but some cases involve other histological types, such as adenosquamous carcinoma. The tumors were significantly more common in younger patients and tended to occur in never-smokers and light-smokers. The RET rearranged lung adenocarcinomas are mostly well or moderately differentiated cancers, are TTF-1 positive, and the predominant growth pattern is very heterogeneous [18–21]. Interestingly, Lee and colleagues reported that the mucinous cribiform pattern was more frequent with CCD6-RET-positive tumors (4/5, 80%), while the solid signet-ring cell pattern was present in three of six (50%) of the KIF5B-RET-positive tumors [22]. Similar to the aforementioned results, Takeuchi and colleagues showed that the frequency of mucinous cribriform carcinoma was significantly higher in the kinase-fusion–positive group (ALK, ROS1, and RET) of tumors than in the fusion-negative adenocarcinomas [13]. Conversely, the mucinous cribiform pattern was infrequently observed (13.6%) in a Japanese cohort of 22 cases selected from resected specimens at National Cancer Center, Tokyo [23]. Unlike NSCLC, there are some reports of RET gain-of-function point mutations in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Dabir and colleagues identified an activating M918T RET somatic mutation in a metastatic SCLC tumor specimen, which is one of the most highly transforming RET mutations in vitro and leads to a severe clinical MEN2B phenotype[24].