China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Detection Assays and Techniques Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Maham Saeed, Javed Hussain Shah, Sajjad Hussain, Ahmad Adnan, Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz
This microscopy is turned into a quick and appropriate device to visualize and characterize nano-scale pictures of analytes in aqueous and aerial medium. Basically, through AFM analysis, analysis of micro-cantilever has been employed to develop interactions among sample and nano-metric tip situated at the extreme of micro-cantilever. Depending on its function, it reflects a vast level information as working with respect to time involving explanation of atomic, mechanical, chemical, surface, thermal, viscoelastic, and physical characteristics of nanomaterials can be collected. The contact mode has been recognized as initially manufactured mode of microscopy to be explained further. The major challenge for utilizing this mode for picturing soft substances as clinical samples and viruses are forces applied to restrict the irreversible or reversible imaging, damage, and control to the specimen. There are two basic modes of microscopy: AM-AFM (amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy); andFM-AFM (frequency modulation atomic force microscopy).
Rapid Formation of Plasma Protein Corona Critically Affects Nanoparticle Pathophysiology
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Stefan Tenzer, Dominic Docter, Jörg Kuharev, Anna Musyanovych, Verena Fetz, Rouven Hecht, Florian Schlenk, Dagmar Fischer, Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi, Christoph Reinhardt, Katharina Landfester, Hansjörg Schild, Michael Maskos, Shirley K. Knauer, Roland H. Stauber
Confocal laser scanning microscopy. This was employed to determine the cellular localization of nanoparticles as described [44]. Images were acquired using Leica LAS AF software on a Leica SP5 II system (Leica). Further experimental details are provided in the Supplementary Information.
Serological Typing of HLA-A, -B, and -C Antigens
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
Once a lymphocyte suspension has been obtained the concentration must be adjusted to 1 to 1.5 × 106 lymphocytes per milliliter. The lymphocytes are counted using a Neubauer counting chamber, which is a thick glass slide engraved with a cell counting grid (Figure 3). The use of a light microscope fitted with phase contrast optics enables the differentiation of RBCs, granulocytes, and lymphocytes as well as the simultaneous determination of cell viability. Alternatively, cell viability can be assessed by dye exclusion, using eosin or trypan blue (see Appendix 8). At this stage the quality of the lymphocyte suspension is assessed. Platelets appear as small, black specks and give a grainy background to the field of view. More than four times the number of platelets to lymphocytes is unacceptable, and the method outlined in the section "Removal of Platelets from a Lymphocyte Suspension" should be used to remove them.
The Diagnostic Value of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and signal peptide-CUB-EGF domain-containing protein-1 (SCUBE-1) in an Experimental Model of Strangulated Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Arif Burak Cekic, Ozgen Gonenc Cekic, Ali Aygun, Sinan Pasli, Serap Yaman Ozer, Suleyman Caner Karahan, Suleyman Turedi, Sami Acar, Ozgur Tatli, Esin Yulug
At histopathological analysis the ileum specimens were examined macroscopically, after which 1-cm sections were taken and examined in terms of histopathological changes. IMA and SCUBE-1 levels were determined for each group, and macro- and microscopic tissue examination findings were compared between the groups. A light microscope was employed for microscopic examination. Tissues were placed in 10% formaldehyde for light microscopic examination. Following routine application of xylol and alcohol, the specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks. Five-micrometer sections were taken using a microtome (Leica RM2255, Japan), and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and cresyl violet. The ileum preparates were than analyzed by an experienced histologist blinded to the study groups. Semi-quantitative ileum damage scoring was employed to assess the groups’ ileum tissues. Under this system, ileum specimens from the study groups were assessed in terms of villus apical surface epithelial degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, villous fusion, and hemorrhage. As a result of the histopathologic examinations, it was scored according to the following scale (Table 1); mean scores were then calculated for each group.13
Surface-modified polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to cancer cells
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Arsalan Ahmed, Shumaila Sarwar, Yong Hu, Muhammad Usman Munir, Muhammad Farrukh Nisar, Fakhera Ikram, Anila Asif, Saeed Ur Rahman, Aqif Anwar Chaudhry, Ihtasham Ur Rehman
Microscopic studies are conducted to elucidate the morphology and topography of nanoparticles. The structural information clarifies other features such as hydrophobicity, agglomeration, and interaction with cells. In microscopic imaging techniques, two main approaches are employed to obtain a real image of the sample. First, the sample surface is scanned point by point using a probe beam of smaller diameter. Examples of this category are Scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission SEM (FESEM), Scanning tunneling microscope, and scanning probe microscope (SPM). Second, the surface is illuminated with electron beam, and a direct image is obtained via the optical path of instrument. Representative examples of this type include optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [138]. In electron microscopy, SEM or FESEM provide two-dimensional imaging, which could provide information about size, shape, distribution, and hierarchy of surface features of polymeric nanoparticles. Furthermore, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), an example of SPM, can give three-dimensional imaging. It also determines the size, morphology, surface texture, roughness, distribution, and nanoparticle volume [139].
Montelukast promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via CREB/PGC-1α in human bronchial epithelial cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Huan Wang, Yali Cheng, Ying Liu, Jiang Shi, Zhe Cheng
Mitochondrial mass in Beas-2b epithelial cells was examined by staining with MitoTracker red. After stimulation, Beas-2b cells were probed with 20 nM MitoTracker red (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 30 min at 37 °C without light. Nuclei of Beas-2b cells were counterstained with DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Fluorescent images were visualized and recorded using a fluorescence microscope. The average integrated optical density (IOD) of 100 randomly selected cells from each group was calculated and used to represent mitochondrial mass. The software Image J was used to quantify the average IOD in epithelial cells of Beas-2b. First, regions of interest (ROI) in the fluorescent images were defined. Second, the number of Beas-2b epithelial cells was counted. Third, the integrated density value (IDV) in ROI was determined. The average IOD = IDV/Cell number.