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“For the Good and Pacific State of the People and the Commune”
Published in Lori Jones, Disease and the Environment in the Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, 2022
Anna M. Peterson, Courtney Krolikowski
Water was allocated according to need. For example, one statute gave those engaged in the wool industry access to overflow from the aqueduct that fed Fonte Branda, in the terzo of Camollia. They were not, however, permitted to use any of the water basins, such as the ones found near Fonte Branda. This was meant to prevent cross contamination (Kucher 2005a, 42). What of wastewater? Tanning and slaughtering animals were messy work and the resulting waste posed a health risk. These activities were undertaken downstream of all other industries so that wastewater would accumulate in purposefully dug ditches located far from potable water. The effluence would then flow outside the city’s walls, where it could be absorbed into the ground or nearby streams (Kucher 2005b, 521–23). Despite the care with which the city officials treated water, it is impossible to know how effective their measures were in practice (Kucher 2005a, 96). Again, their agenda was often challenged by the guilds that leveraged serious political and economic power in the city.
Industrial Manufacture of Traditional Ayurvedic Medicines
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
A large quantity of water is used in various operations in ayurvedic medicine manufacturing companies. Such units generate huge volumes of biodegradable wastewater during the processing of raw materials and the production of medicines. This wastewater is moderately rich in chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D.) and biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) concentrations. It can be discharged only after proper treatment. Condenser waste from evaporators, chemical waste, spent liquors from fermentation operations, sewage, laboratory and floor washing waste contribute to the organic and inorganic matter in ayurvedic wastewater (Vanerkar et al. 2015). The impact of the wastewater on the environment needs to be reduced considerably by adopting efficient and eco-friendly water recycling methods.
Monitoring Inequalities in Wash Service Levels
Published in Oliver Cumming, Tom Slaymaker, Equality in Water and Sanitation Services, 2018
Excreta that are removed from on-site storage facilities can be transported and treated at appropriate treatment facilities, typically through trucking services. Wastewater treatment plants treating sewage may be able to receive and treat such wastes, but as wastes from on-site systems are much more concentrated than sewage, there is a risk that the plant can be overwhelmed. As for wastewater, treatment plants that deliver at least secondary treatment (for both the solid and liquid fractions) are counted as safely managed. Many countries, including high-income countries, lack data on the amount of excreta that is transported and treated off-site. Insufficient data were available to estimate the global population whose excreta were safely transported and treated off-site in 2015.
Hybrid powdered activated carbon-activated sludge biofilm formation to mitigate biofouling in dynamic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Mohammad Reza Mehrnia, Fatemeh Nasiri, Fatemeh Pourasgharian Roudsari, Fatemeh Bahrami
Global insufficiency of water resources besides the widespread pollution of existing water bodies has put the process of wastewater treatment and reuse among the most substantial issues in the environmental engineering area. As a modern paradigm shift, wastewater is now considered a renewable resource which is capable of producing clean water, useful nutrients and renewable energy (Aslam et al. 2022). Different wastewater treatment approaches have been proposed, including physical (Prathapar et al. 2006) and chemical (Pidou et al. 2008) techniques, advanced oxidation process (AOP) (Liu et al. 2021) and biological methods (Holloway et al. 2021). Among them, biological methods, independently or in combination with other techniques (Xiang et al. 2021), stand out because of being cost efficient and lack production of more dangerous intermediates (Ayed et al. 2017). Moreover, the hybrid techniques can overcome the drawback of independent biological treatment, which is the removal of specific toxic compounds.
Correlations between pore textures of activated carbons and Langmuir constants – case studies on methylene blue and congo red adsorption
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Fadina Amran, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Methylene blue is a cationic, bright greenish blue organic dye belonging to the phenothiazine family. It is very soluble in water and appears in solid form at room temperature. Methylene blue was first synthesized by Caro in 1876 as an aniline-based dye, and scientists Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich revealed its potential for microscopy stains (Oz et al.2011). Further research on staining and inactivation of microbial species has led to application as antiseptic in clinical therapy. Methylene blue has shown effective treatment of malaria (Oz et al.2011). In textile industry, it is mainly used for dyeing soft vegetable fibers such as jute, flax and hemp because of its bright color and high intensity (Zaini and Sudi 2017). This industry, however, inevitably produced large volume of wastewater that compromises the ecological balance.
Historical analysis of inverse correlation between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and pancreatic cancer
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
The history of clean water and improved sewage removal systems in the United States directly parallels an increase in the country’s PC rate. In the 19th century, most cities in the US used a combined sewer system, which used a single conduit to transport stormwater and other household and industrial wastewater into the nearest waterway. Combined sewer systems often created water pollution problems by causing contamination of drinking and bathing water supplies. In 1905, 95% of the country’s urban population discharged their wastewater untreated to waterways. Little changed over the first quarter of the 20th century, and in 1924 more than 88% of the population in cities of over 100,000 continued to dispose of their wastewater directly to waterways. After the first quarter of the 20th century, wastewater treatment became more popular. In the late 1930s, municipalities were replacing their combined sewer system infrastructure with new separate sewer systems. Separate sewer systems, still in use in American cities today, do not allow human waste to combine with rainwater. Rather, the wastewater is transported to treatment facilities before reuse. The federal government’s Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 and further amendments to this act through 1965 provided for protection of water quality and improved clean water standards. Additional federal legislation in the 1970s set a goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and invested billions of dollars into research and construction grants.29