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Industrial Manufacture of Traditional Ayurvedic Medicines
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
A large quantity of water is used in various operations in ayurvedic medicine manufacturing companies. Such units generate huge volumes of biodegradable wastewater during the processing of raw materials and the production of medicines. This wastewater is moderately rich in chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D.) and biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) concentrations. It can be discharged only after proper treatment. Condenser waste from evaporators, chemical waste, spent liquors from fermentation operations, sewage, laboratory and floor washing waste contribute to the organic and inorganic matter in ayurvedic wastewater (Vanerkar et al. 2015). The impact of the wastewater on the environment needs to be reduced considerably by adopting efficient and eco-friendly water recycling methods.
Emerging Risks and Final Thoughts
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
Urban environments use lots of water. The waste water is often recycled and purified to be used as drinking water. Since the turn of the century, both pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs have been present at small concentrations in drinking water. Americans fill upward of 4 billion prescriptions for pharmaceuticals each year, almost 13 for every soul living in the US; unsurprisingly, these drugs and their metabolites eventually make their way into the environment.56
Techno-Economic Analysis of Multiple Scenarios for the Production of Microalgal Chemicals and Polymers
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Giannis Penloglou, Costas Kiparissides
For the calculation of the operating expenditures (OPEX), the costs of raw materials, inoculum, nutrients, CO2, utilities, major and auxiliary equipment operation and wastewater treatment were based on the simulation results. Industrial prices for raw materials and utilities supply were also considered. The demanded area for the plant was leased at a cost estimated for the years of operation. The extra land required for buildings, offices, laboratories or roads was considered as 20% of the calculated PBRs area. Finally, the labor cost calculation was based on the Wessel equation.
Hybrid powdered activated carbon-activated sludge biofilm formation to mitigate biofouling in dynamic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Mohammad Reza Mehrnia, Fatemeh Nasiri, Fatemeh Pourasgharian Roudsari, Fatemeh Bahrami
Global insufficiency of water resources besides the widespread pollution of existing water bodies has put the process of wastewater treatment and reuse among the most substantial issues in the environmental engineering area. As a modern paradigm shift, wastewater is now considered a renewable resource which is capable of producing clean water, useful nutrients and renewable energy (Aslam et al. 2022). Different wastewater treatment approaches have been proposed, including physical (Prathapar et al. 2006) and chemical (Pidou et al. 2008) techniques, advanced oxidation process (AOP) (Liu et al. 2021) and biological methods (Holloway et al. 2021). Among them, biological methods, independently or in combination with other techniques (Xiang et al. 2021), stand out because of being cost efficient and lack production of more dangerous intermediates (Ayed et al. 2017). Moreover, the hybrid techniques can overcome the drawback of independent biological treatment, which is the removal of specific toxic compounds.
Enhanced removal of antibiotics using Eichhornia crassipes root biomass in an aerobic hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Sevcan Aydin, Duygu Nur Arabacı, Aiyoub Shahi, Hadi Fakhri, Suleyman Ovez
Developing novel technologies for wastewater treatment that are both environmentally friendly and economically feasible has become a pressing need and gathered much attention from researchers (Aydin et al. 2022). Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a novel wastewater treatment technology that combine membranes with activated sludge. MBRs have garnered attention in the recent years due to their advantages over conventional treatment systems, such as a lower carbon footprint, lower costs and higher quality effluents (Judd 2008; Hai and Yamamoto 2011; Yu et al. 2014). MBRs have been repeatedly reported to efficiently remove antibiotics. For instance, Park et al. (2017) reported 52% removal efficiency for tetracycline using HF-MBR. However, MBRs still have challenges to be faced before widespread implementation, such as biofouling of the membrane. Biofouling is the unwanted accumulation of microorganisms and small particles on the surface of the membrane, and the subsequent growth of these microorganisms, thus leading to a decreased filtration area. However, cleaning and replacement of membranes are costly (Hamedi et al. 2019). Thus, prevention and alleviation of membrane biofouling is an important subject that requires further research.
Advanced oxidation of acid yellow 11 dye; detoxification and degradation mechanism
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohamed A. Hassaan, Ahmed El Nemr, Fedekar F. Madkour, Abubakr M. Idris, Tarek O. Said, Taher Sahlabji, Majed M. Alghamdi, Adel A. El-Zahhar
Due to rapid growth of industry, population, and urbanization, water consumption is increasing across the world. In addition, the discharge of wastewater from anthropogenic sources into natural water sources puts the quality of water at risk (Ahmad et al.2015). Dyes are considered among the most serious environmental pollutants particularly in the aquatic system. A wide range of industrial activities, including dying, textile, tanner, paint, pigments, pulp and papers, discharge considerable amounts of dyes into wastewater (Karoui et al. 2020). It was estimated that more than 15% of the bulk quantity of dyes were discharged to wastewater (Ben Arfi et al.2017). Roughly, more than 100,000 dyes have been developed, including cationic, anionic, and nonionic, resulting in the production of more than one million tons annually (Bulgariu et al.2019).