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The Thymus, Immune System, and Aging
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Several studies are felt to be worthy of note in the context of tin-age immunity. Suzuki orally dosed rats with triethyltin sulfate.261 At the dose causing paralysis in old rats, no clinical effects were seen in young rats. Watanabi also observed this effect in rats.262 Truhaut et al. found a delayed toxic response in rats263 dosed with tributyltin oxide. Krajnc et al. observed the effects of dietary tributyltin oxide on the endocrine and lymphoid systems of the rat.264 The thymus and thyroid glands lost weight. Adrenals and pituitary were not affected. Insulin, thyroxin, and TSH levels were depressed, serum LH rose, whereas FSH and corticosterone were unaffected. In the thymus, an increase of ceroid/lipofuscin loaded macrophages were seen. The results are not explicable. It is apparent that exogenous alkyl tin at relatively low levels such as 5 and 20 ppm had a striking effect on both the lymphoid system and specific endocrine glands. Even though the organotin is immunosuppressive, no infectious etiology was found, i.e., no bacteria or viruses, in the various lesions found. IgM increased and IgG decreased suggesting possible impairment of TH cells.
The toxic environment
Published in Anna Bellisari, The Anthropology Of Obesity in the United States, 2016
Tributyltin (TBT) is a biocide in paint applied to ship bottoms to protect against attachment of marine organisms (Rantakokko et al. 2014). It is released into sea water and consumed by fish and other marine organisms, causing abnormalities in their reproductive systems (Sousa et al. 2014). Humans consume contaminated fish and are also exposed by direct contact with TBT-treated products and inhalation of dust (Sousa et al. 2014). TBT disrupts energy balance by activating the protein PPAR gamma, which stimulates lipid uptake and adipogenesis. It is known to be involved in development of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer (Gruen 2014; Janesick and Blumberg 2011; Janesick and Blumberg 2012; Pereira-Fernandes et al. 2013b).
Organotin Insect Antifeed Ants: An Overview*
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
Organotins occupy an important niche as biocides today. Van der Kerk and Luijten and associates, at the TNO in Utrecht, conducted pioneering studies in the early 1950s on the fungicidal and bactericidal activity of tributyl and triphenyltins (fentins). This paved the way for the development of the fungicides Brestan® (fentin acetate) and Du-Ter® (fentin hydroxide) and the acaricides Plictran® (cyhexatin), Vendex® (fenbutatin oxide), and recently, Peropal® (tricyclazol, azocyclotin). As we know from experience in the pesticide industry that only 1 out of approximately 15,000 compounds will develop into a full-fledged pesticide, five such closely related compounds to be on the market can be considered quite a success. In addition, tributyltins are disinfectants, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, e.g., Incidin of Henkel Co., West Germany, contains tributyltin benzoate. TBTO, bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, and other tributyltin derivatives are used for the protection of cotton, textiles, and wood against fungal attack, and for the treatment and preservation of stonework to eradicate fungal growth, algae, mosses, and lichens. Organotins used in paints against marine fouling, to prevent the attachment of barnacles, algae, tubeworms, hydroids, and sponges to ship hulls, marine instruments, and outboard motor engines, are tributyltins or fentins, such as tributyltin fluoride, TBTO, or fentin fluoride or hydroxide. Recently, the “second generation” antifoulant coatings, consisting of copolymers of tributyltin acrylate or methacrylate with comonomers, e.g., vinyl chloride, have been introduced. TBTO and the fentins are also considered for use as molluscicides, e.g., as controlled-release rubber pellets. For a recent review of these uses of organotins see Davies and Smith.7
Evaluating the histomorphological and biochemical changes induced by Tributyltin Chloride on pituitary-testicular axis of adult albino rats and the possible ameliorative role of hesperidin
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Sahar F. Shaban, Maha A. Khattab, Samar H. Abd El Hameed, Shaimaa A. Abdelrahman
The hypothalamic – pituitary – gonadal (HPG) axis is primarily responsible for the regulation of fertility in both male and female. It drives the growth and maturation of germ cells and controls the synthesis of gonadal steroids.1,2 The high prevalence rate of male infertility suggests possible participation of environmental pollutants which act as endocrine disruptors. Tributyltin Chloride (TBT) is one of the well-known endocrine disrupting substances that affect the function of the endocrine organs and subsequently cause dangerous health hazards.3,4 Environmental problems developed from TBT were first reported by the end of 1970 after a sharp decrease in oyster production.5,6 TBT is widely used as a stabilizer in the manufacturing of plastic products and as a catalyst in polyvinyl chloride products. It is also used in synthesis of food storage containers and as a preservative for wood, textiles, paper, and leather. In addition, TBT is also commonly used in agriculture as fungicidal, bactericidal and insecticide because of its biocidal properties.7,8 Gao et al.9and Younis10 added that, TBT is widely used as antifouling agent. It has been utilized as an additive in paintings applied to aquaculture nets, hulls of ships, and offshore structures.
In vivo assessment of respiratory burst inhibition by xenobiotic exposure using larval zebrafish
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2020
Drake W. Phelps, Ashley A. Fletcher, Ivan Rodriguez-Nunez, Michele R. Balik-Meisner, Debra A. Tokarz, David M. Reif, Dori R. Germolec, Jeffrey A. Yoder
Tributyltin oxide has been reported to impact the adaptive immune system, having been linked to suppression of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in exposed rats (Smialowicz et al. 1989). However, Kergosien and Rice (1998) found that a single low dose (but not higher doses) of tributyltin oxide resulted in enhanced macrophage secretory function and the respiratory burst in mice six days after intraperitoneal injection. Because the burst in a macrophage can take up to 24 h to detect (Sponseller et al. 2016), the zebrafish RBA may not be sensitive enough to detect a macrophage respiratory burst after only 2.5 h of PMA treatment (instead primarily detecting neutrophil respiratory bursts). This interpretation is supported by the flow cytometry data in this study wherein it was observed that there were roughly 10-fold more neutrophils at 96 hpf as compared to macrophages (see Figure 5).
Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Samantha Eslava Martins, Gilberto Fillmann, Adam Lillicrap, Kevin V. Thomas
The pyrithione salts, such as zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT), were introduced on the market in the 1990s. Due to broad antimicrobial activity, low water solubility and high degradability, they have been used in marine antifouling paints as replacements for tributyltin (TBT) (Mochida et al. 2006). It has been reported that pyrithiones disrupt the proton motive force in target organisms (KEMI 2014). Pyrithiones act by catalysing the electroneutral exchange of H+ and other ions with K+ across cell membranes, resulting in a collapse of ion gradients important to cell function. This process may inhibit membrane transport of nutrients and lead organisms to starvation and eventual death (KEMI 2014) (Table S4).