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The Thymus, Immune System, and Aging
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Several studies are felt to be worthy of note in the context of tin-age immunity. Suzuki orally dosed rats with triethyltin sulfate.261 At the dose causing paralysis in old rats, no clinical effects were seen in young rats. Watanabi also observed this effect in rats.262 Truhaut et al. found a delayed toxic response in rats263 dosed with tributyltin oxide. Krajnc et al. observed the effects of dietary tributyltin oxide on the endocrine and lymphoid systems of the rat.264 The thymus and thyroid glands lost weight. Adrenals and pituitary were not affected. Insulin, thyroxin, and TSH levels were depressed, serum LH rose, whereas FSH and corticosterone were unaffected. In the thymus, an increase of ceroid/lipofuscin loaded macrophages were seen. The results are not explicable. It is apparent that exogenous alkyl tin at relatively low levels such as 5 and 20 ppm had a striking effect on both the lymphoid system and specific endocrine glands. Even though the organotin is immunosuppressive, no infectious etiology was found, i.e., no bacteria or viruses, in the various lesions found. IgM increased and IgG decreased suggesting possible impairment of TH cells.
Towards a New Theory of Antioncogenesis
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
There is an enlightening facet to the toxic effects of organotins on the thymus. Tributyltin acetate at the proper dosage is lethal to rats, but the onset of morbidity is age dependent.119 A similar delayed toxic response with tributyltin oxide has also been observed.120 Acute triethyltin intoxication leads to fatal results about 3 days after injection into rat subjects.121 However, oral dosing studies of the same compound aimed at inducing a chronic poisoning effect showed no clinical symptomatology in young rats, but a gradual paralysis in old rats.121
In vivo assessment of respiratory burst inhibition by xenobiotic exposure using larval zebrafish
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2020
Drake W. Phelps, Ashley A. Fletcher, Ivan Rodriguez-Nunez, Michele R. Balik-Meisner, Debra A. Tokarz, David M. Reif, Dori R. Germolec, Jeffrey A. Yoder
Tributyltin oxide has been reported to impact the adaptive immune system, having been linked to suppression of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in exposed rats (Smialowicz et al. 1989). However, Kergosien and Rice (1998) found that a single low dose (but not higher doses) of tributyltin oxide resulted in enhanced macrophage secretory function and the respiratory burst in mice six days after intraperitoneal injection. Because the burst in a macrophage can take up to 24 h to detect (Sponseller et al. 2016), the zebrafish RBA may not be sensitive enough to detect a macrophage respiratory burst after only 2.5 h of PMA treatment (instead primarily detecting neutrophil respiratory bursts). This interpretation is supported by the flow cytometry data in this study wherein it was observed that there were roughly 10-fold more neutrophils at 96 hpf as compared to macrophages (see Figure 5).
Marine natural products as antifouling molecules – a mini-review (2014–2020)
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Ling-Li Liu, Chuan-Hai Wu, Pei-Yuan Qian
Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin oxide, have been completely banned in AF paints due to their environmental toxicity, while copper and zinc-based coatings were developed as alternative paints and are widely used in the industry. However, the release of the metals from these AF paints into the marine environment also cause adverse effects on marine organisms, especially benthic organisms (Muller-Karanassos et al. 2021). The submerged surface with a copper or zinc-based coating becomes a continuous and localized source of metals to benthic organisms whose habitat and feeding mode are influenced by the toxicity of released metals (Soroldoni et al. 2020). Therefore, there is an urgent need for nontoxic or environmental friendly antifoulants.
Surface modifying amphiphilic additives and their effect on the fouling-release performance of siloxane-polyurethane coatings
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Jackson Benda, Shane Stafslien, Lyndsi Vanderwal, John A. Finlay, Anthony S. Clare, Dean C. Webster
Aside from the negative esthetic effects of marine biofouling, the major problem that needs to be addressed is the effect on overall performance of marine vessels. The accumulation of marine organisms on ships’ hulls causes large decreases in ship maneuverability and speed (Callow and Callow 2002; Schultz et al. 2011). This leads to an increase in fuel consumption, and in turn, an increase in the production of harmful greenhouse gases. Additionally, protecting against marine biofouling has enormous financial costs. For example, the accrued cost due to this phenomenon on US Naval destroyers alone, a medium sized ship, is estimated to be around $56 million per year (Schultz et al. 2011). Historically a variety of toxic coatings have been used to combat biofouling. At the advent of the twentieth century, petroleum-based resin systems were being developed, and between the 1960 and the 1970s, triorganotin biocides, such as tributyltin oxide (TBTO), were incorporated into self-polishing copolymer coating systems leading to greatly improved antifouling performance (Yebra et al. 2004; Hellio and Yebra 2009). The inadvertent effects of these TBT-containing coatings proved harmful to marine environments, resulting in restrictions on use and eventually a complete ban of these tin-containing coatings by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2008 (Yebra et al. 2004). Although the use of inorganic and organic biocides in coatings systems is still the standard method to combat biofouling, the development of nontoxic, non-biocide containing antifouling (AF)/fouling-release (FR) coatings has been a major area of research and development for the past 20years. As a result, several commercially available FR coatings such as Sigmaglide® 1290 (PPG), Intersleek® 970 and 1100SR (International), and Hempasil® X3+ (Hempel) are available for use on ocean-going vessels.