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Antimicrobial Preservative Efficacy and Microbial Content Testing*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Scott V.W. Sutton, Philip A. Geis
Both the PCPC and the USP methods recommend Escherichia coli, ATCC 8739, a fermentative Gram-negative rod. It is a member of one of the largest bacterial families, the Enterobacteriaceae, and is considered an indicator of fecal contamination (35). Like most of the coliform bacteria, it can easily develop biocide resistance. Enterobacter, and Klebsiella are sometimes used for or with E. coli.
Interactions between Oral Bacteria and Antibacterial Polymer-Based Restorative Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Fernando L. Esteban Florez, Sharukh S. Khajotia
Quorum sensing is a very sophisticated cell-to-cell communication system in which Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria within biofilms secrete small peptides[77] and acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs)[78] to regulate changes in cells’ genotypic expression, which, in turn, promote several phenotypic alterations, including physiological, metabolic, molecular, and surface changes. These are typically observed as a significant reduction in cell susceptibility to biocides (antibiotics) and antimicrobial agents.[57] Depending on the density of cells within a biofilm, the bacteria may produce enzymes, such as N-acetyl-heparosanlyase and hyaluronidase,[79] to break down polysaccharides (both soluble and insoluble; located at the outermost regions of biofilms) and release surface bacteria for the colonization of fresh and non-colonized substrates. Released cells are then upregulated to function again as planktonic microorganisms. Several operons coding for flagella proteins become highly expressed, which allows them to develop the machinery required for motility and attachment. At the same time, genes expressing a number of porins become down-regulated, thus completing biofilm’s genetic cycle for adhesion and cohesion.[52]
Production of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
In the field of agriculture, attempts are being made at the identification of ecologically more friendly natural biocides, including essential oils, to replace synthetic pesticides and herbicides. Essential oils are also used to improve the appetite of farm animals, leading to more rapid increases in body weight as well as to improved digestion.
Fatty acids, esters, and biogenic oil disinfectants: novel agents against bacteria
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Aruna Lamba, Jonathan Kopel, David Westenberg, Shubhender Kapila
The chemical disinfectants (or biocides) are broadly classified as phenolic compounds, alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorine compounds, aldehydes, halogenated tertiary amines, hydrogen peroxide, and gases like ethylene oxide with different modes of action that remain largely unknown. These biocides are effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram positive and gram negative. The most important characteristics of the ideal disinfectant are broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, solubility, stability, safety for humans and other animals, homogeneity, noncombination with extraneous organic material, toxicity to microorganisms at room or body temperature, capacity to penetrate, deodorizing ability, inexpensive, noncorrosive, and availability. However, no one disinfectant meets all these characteristics. The efficacy of disinfection is affected by a number of factors, each of which may nullify or limit the process. Some of the factors that have been shown to affect disinfection efficacy are the previous state of the object, the organic load on the object, the type and level of microbial contamination, the concentration and exposure time to the germicide, the physical configuration of the object, and the temperature and pH of the disinfection process.
Tolerance to disinfectants (chlorhexidine and isopropanol) and its association with antibiotic resistance in clinically-related Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Jasmine Morante, Antonio M. Quispe, Barbara Ymaña, Jeel Moya-Salazar, Néstor Luque, Gabriela Soza, María Ramos Chirinos, Maria J Pons
Biocides are routinely used in healthcare settings and play an essential role in infection control [1], one that has been highlighted during the fight against SARS-CoV-2. Two of the most frequently used types of biocides in hospitals are chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) and isopropyl alcohol (ISP). Chlorhexidine is a bisbiguanide antiseptic used against a wide range of microorganisms. It functions by forming a bridge between phospholipids with subsequent displacement of cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) [2], resulting in membrane disruption via a reduction in the capacity of the bacterial membrane to osmoregulate and changes in enzymes associated with metabolic membrane capability [2]. Chlorhexidine is often used for procedures such as handwashing, preoperative preparation, and surface disinfection because of its bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties [3,4], as well as its ability to rapidly denature the proteins of microorganisms [5].
Combining a bio-based polymer and a natural antifoulant into an eco-friendly antifouling coating
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Ho Yin Chiang, Jiansen Pan, Chunfeng Ma, Pei-Yuan Qian
Biofouling has long been a serious problem in maritime industries and leads to high cost of maintenance (Yebra et al. 2004). The control and prevention of ship hull fouling alone can cost the US Navy around US$56 million annually (Schultz et al. 2011). After the ban of tributyltin (TBT)-based coatings, the usual industry practice is to apply antifouling (AF) coatings consisting of copper or organic biocides since these are highly effective for preventing biofouling problems (Alberte et al. 1992; Thomas et al. 2001). However, the copper and organic biocides cause toxic effects to a wide range of non-target organisms (Alzieu 2000; Konstantinou and Albanis 2004). For example, the persistency of Irgarol 1051 and Diuron in water have raised environmental concerns for their applications (Voulvoulis et al. 1999; Thomas et al. 2001; Katranitsas et al. 2003; Gatidou and Thomaidis 2007; Brooks and Waldock 2009; Thomas 2009). Maritime industries are actively seeking eco-friendly, potent and low-toxicity AF coatings (Callow and Callow 2011; Lejars et al. 2012).