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General toxicology
Published in Timbrell John, Study Toxicology Through Questions, 2017
Biomagnification is the process whereby the concentration of a chemical substance in the organisms in a food chain increases towards the top of the chain. Thus the predator at the top of the food chain will have the highest concentration of pollutant.
Development of reliable quantitative structure–toxicity relationship models for toxicity prediction of benzene derivatives using semiempirical descriptors
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Ayushi Singh, Sunil Kumar, Archana Kapoor, Parvin Kumar, Ashwani Kumar
Invertebrates and algae are the important testing endpoint for chemical safety assessment and in silico predictive methods are required to fill the data gap of toxicity toward toxicity endpoints (EC–European Commission Regulation 1999; ECHA. 2008; Valerio 2012). Algae form one of the most significant parts of the food chain of the aquatic environment and are responsible for providing basic nutrition to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of chemicals by algae leads to biomagnification which can cause toxicity to other living organisms including human beings (Seth and Roy 2020). Therefore, it is important to develop predictive models for toxicity toward algae like Scenedesmus obliquus. Its rapid reproduction ability and high sensitivity to pollutants make it an attractive model organism for environmental toxicity determination (Cai et al. 2008). Likewise, Ciliated protozoa, e.g. Tetrahymena pyriformis possess many characteristics which are desirable in a test organism for assessment of environmental risk, e.g. it occurs at the first tropic level and shows early indications of toxicity. It is significantly involved in energy and matter transfer and can be cultured easily. These models can be used to study physiological and metabolic processes for several generations which is very important from a toxicology point of view (Bogaerts et al. 2001).
Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and potential health risk of trace elements in water and aquatic organisms of Yundang Lagoon at Xiamen in China
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Mohammad Mazbah Uddin, Guogan Peng, Lingfeng Huang
Biomagnification indicates the increase of trace elements concentration along with trophic position in a food chain (Calbet et al.2016, Ali et al.2019). To determine the trace elements biomagnification in an aquatic ecosystem, the trophic transfer is considered an important passage of metals transfer from lower trophic level to the higher one (Ali et al.2020). Therefore, the establishment of trophic position of an aquatic organism is an essential tool to evaluate the bio-magnification of trace elements in the food webs (Quinn et al.2003, Calbet et al.2016, Espejo et al.2018). Different species have different grade of niches in the aquatic ecosystems (Kumar et al.2019). To evaluate the energy flow and trophic structure of various aquatic species, stable carbon, and nitrogen isotopes analyses have been used widely in different aquatic ecosystems (Post 2002, Cheng et al.2013).
Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc sulfate on the testis of common carp, Cyprinus carpio
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Seetharam Deepa, Raju Murugananthkumar, Yugantak Raj Gupta, Manjunatha Gowda K.S, Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
Fishes serve as excellent experimental models for aquatic toxicology study as they are regarded as one of the best bioindicators of pollutants (Authman et al. 2015). Several studies warrant that compounds accumulating in the aquatic ecosystem through several industrial and other effluents, especially in fish could pose a risk not only to the aquatic fauna but also be detrimental to human and other consuming organisms due to biomagnification (Amin, Begum, and Mondal 2011; Ahmed et al. 2016). Interestingly, several studies have validated that NPs can cross blood–testis barrier leading to testicular accumulation NPs and translocation to testicular cells and/or nucleus to generate adverse effects (Lan and Yang 2012; Murugananthkumar, Rajesh, and Senthilkumaran 2016). Exposure of copper in the form of NPs (Cu-NPs) to common carp resulted in oxidative stress on gills, kidney, and liver with corresponding altered morphology and cellular damages (Gupta et al. 2016). Among the many synthesized NPs (Titanium oxide [TiO2], Silver [Ag], Zinc oxide [ZnO], carbon nanotubes [CNT-NPs], and fullerenes), few are known to be more effective to the environment, where the ZnO-NPs with the combination of TiO2-NPs are prone to environmental risk assessment, and these combinations need major priority in terms of analysis (Coll et al. 2016).