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Bioenergetics
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Bioenergetics is concerned with the flow of energy in living systems and how food (carbohydrates, fats, and protein) is converted into chemical energy that can be stored or used for work. The energy stored in the chemical bonds of various molecules (i.e., fats, carbohydrates, proteins) represents metabolic potential energy. It is the transformation of chemical energy into mechanical energy that allows for the attainment of kinetic energy that actually performs work. This transformation process requires the destruction of chemical bonds subsequently releasing energy for muscle contraction.
Metabolic Cardiology
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Bioenergetics is the study of energy transformation in living organisms used in the field of biochemistry to reference cellular energy. The concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the cell and the efficiency of ATP turnover and recycling are central to our appreciation of cellular bioenergetics as a new form of non-pharmaceutical therapy.
Functional Foods
Published in Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi, Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
Kamesh Venkatakrishnan, Chin-Kun Wang
Bioenergetics is the study of energy production and expenditure (exchange in the form of heat) in a living organism performing different biological functions. Energy exchange takes place through aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions through the multi-step enzymic pathway. In humans, the oxidation of macromolecules like carbohydrates (glucose), fats (fatty acids) and proteins (amino acids) results in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production via cellular respiration (redox) including glycolysis, citric acid or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. Combustion is a well-known energy exchange process which occurs when energy fuel (molecules) with a proton (H+) and electron (e−) readily liberates oxygen. Higher proton and electron donation or transfer would yield higher energy (heat). Similarly, glucose and fatty acids (energy is held within the molecular bonds) undergoes oxidation (based on ATP turnover) in the presence of molecular oxygen to yield ATP and CO2 (Volkov, 2010).
Caffeine-Supplemented Diet Prevents Fatigue-Like Behavior in Tumor-Bearing Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Nurfarhana Ferdaos, Aoi Harada, Emi Masuda, Satoka Kasai, Takuma Horaguchi, Kazumi Yoshizawa
Interestingly, despite the anti-fatigue effects of caffeine, the energy level of C26 tumor-bearing mice fed with 0.05% caffeine-supplemented diet was not replenished, as evidenced by hypoglycemia and depleted liver glycogen levels. This suggests that caffeine may exert anti-fatigue effects through alternative bioenergetic pathways. We also found significant depletion of epididymal adipose tissues in C26 tumor-bearing mice fed with 0.05% caffeine, suggesting enhanced lipolysis, a finding consistent with that of an animal study with chronic caffeine consumption (26, 27). The ergogenic effects of caffeine are primarily attributed to adenosine antagonism (10, 11). In turn, adenosine antagonism may stimulate norepinephrine secretion, which leads to pleiotropic effects, including improved mental performance (7), and lipolytic effects (28). Therefore, the lipolytic effects of caffeine may accelerate lipolysis and subsequently increase the availability of circulating NEFA, consistent with the restored levels of NEFA in C26 tumor-bearing mice fed with 0.05% caffeine-supplemented diet. Thus, caffeine may exert its anti-fatigue effects by increasing the availability of circulating NEFA as an alternative source of energy.
How should future clinical trials be designed in the search for disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson’s disease?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Abhishek Lenka, Joseph Jankovic
As highlighted above, targeting one particular pathological substrate may not lead to clinically appreciable neurorestoration as PD results due to a myriad of pathological processes. Therefore, multiple pathogenetic substrates need to be targeted to enhance the chances of slowing the progression of the disease (Figure 2). Therefore, a multipurpose drug or multiple drugs acting on different pathological targets will most likely be required. For example, drugs focused on blunting neuroinflammation or oxidative stress may be combined with drugs focused on the bioenergetics related to mitochondrial function which would provide a potentially synergistic therapy and a greater chance of success. Such study designs would be expensive and time-consuming as these will need larger sample sizes; however, it is worth considering such ‘cocktail’ therapies. As the duration of clinical trials in neurodegenerative diseases has been a matter of debate, to reduce the time related to phase-I and phase-IIa of clinical trials, repurposed, low-risk agents should be prioritized for individuals at the highest risk of developing PD [102].
Muscle metabolic energy costs while modifying propulsive force generation during walking
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Richard E. Pimentel, Noah L. Pieper, William H. Clark, Jason R. Franz
Compared to walking with smaller FP, changes in the metabolic costs of operating individual leg muscles are much more evenly allocated when walking with larger FP. It is difficult to predict whether to expect the same outcome in older adults or people with gait pathology in response to interventions designed to restore FP. However, our results suggest that such interventions should consider not only the metabolic consequences of local (e.g. ankle) assistance to increase FP, but also any resultant compensation at other joints. Moving forward, we envision rehabilitative programs and assistive technologies that are informed by and objectively evaluated via individual muscle metabolic responses derived via the bioenergetic simulations used in this study.