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Role of Metabolism in Chemically Induced Nephrotoxicity
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
From a consideration of the patterns of interorgan metabolism of nephrotoxicants (Figure 6), the liver would be considered as the primary site of GSH conjugation. Indeed, hepatic conjugation of GSH with several halogenated alkanes and alkenes, including perchloroethylene (Dekant et al., 1986a, 1987a; Green et al., 1990), trichloroethylene (Dekant et al., 1986b), tetrafluoroethylene (Odum and Green, 1984), hexachlorobutadiene (Dekant et al., 1988b; Gietl and Anders, 1991; Reichert et al., 1985; Wallin et al., 1988), hexafluoropropene (Koob and Dekant, 1990), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (Dohn and Anders, 1982a; Dohn et al., 1985a), has been demonstrated.
General toxicology
Published in Timbrell John, Study Toxicology Through Questions, 2017
(c) Phase 3 metabolism is the further metabolism of products of phase 2 metabolism. These are normally conjugates. For example, glutathione conjugates are further metabolised by removal of the glutamyl and glycinyl moieties. The remaining cysteine is then acetylated. The further metabolism of some cysteine conjugates by the enzyme CS lyase may produce toxic products. For example, the industrial chemical hexachlorobutadiene undergoes this route of metabolism and causes kidney toxicity as a result.
Microwave extraction of Salvia officinalis essential oil and assessment of its GC-MS identification and protective effects versus vanadium-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats models
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Fatma Ghorbel Koubaa, Raed Abdennabi, Ahlem Soussi Ben Salah, Abdelfattah El Feki
Evidence from several studies suggests that S. officinalis has potent antioxidant activities. Enriching the drinking water of rats with S. officinalis extract increases the resistance of rat hepatocytes against oxidative stress (Horváthová et al.2016). The most effective antioxidant constituents of S. officinalis are carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and carnosic acid, followed by caffeic acid, rosmanol, rosmadial, genkwanin, and cirsimaritin (Muvelier et al.1996). The radical scavenging effect of carnosol is comparable to that of α-tocopherol (Miura et al.2002, Dianat et al.2014). The superoxide scavenging activity of the rosmarinic acid derivatives are 15–20 times more than trolox, a synthetic water-soluble vitamin E. In addition to rosmarinic acid, the other flavonoids of S. officinalis particularly quercetin and rutin have strong antioxidant activities (Azevedo et al.2013). For example, rutin reversed hexachlorobutadiene-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation and depletion of thiol content in the kidney (Sadeghnia et al.2013).