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The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
Although women are employed extensively in the electronics industry and dry-cleaning establishments, there has been no epidemiologic study of their reproductive experience. Tetrachloroethylene is used for commercial dry cleaning and metal degreasing. Teratogenic effects of tetrachloroethylene have been reported in mice, and an increased incidence of fetal resorptions has been observed in exposed rats.13 We might conclude that under tetrachloroethylene-exposure conditions, a toxic environment develops in the pregnant uterus. The metabolism of tetrachloroethylene is still under investigation. As in the case of trichloroethylene exposure, trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol have been found in the urine of humans and animals. In addition, dichloracetic acid and ethylene glycol have been found in the urine of exposed animals. Frant and Westendorp14 considered the consequences of chronic excretion of trichloroacetic acid, a strong organic acid which may be neutralized in the body by sodium or potassium and can result in the constant elimination of fixed alkali. The carbon dioxide-combining power of the blood could then be impaired.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Tetrachloroethylene is a dry cleaning agent. It is used for manufacturing pharmaceuticals, metal degreasing, and grain fumigation. Of the 500 chemically sensitive patients surveyed at the EHC-Dallas, 83% had tetrachloroethylene in their blood. This chemical because of its lipophilicity and chemical configuration is difficult to be eliminated from the body. A single exposure can stay in the body for months, even though, theoretically, it should be eliminated within 45 days. In addition, liver damage can occur from contamination with tetrachloroethylene, as shown by the changes in this patient, and liver damage may account for the body's inability to eliminate this pollutant.
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Tetrachloroethylene (perchlorethylene) is used as a solvent in commercial dry cleaning and degreasing. About 300 million kilograms are used annually in the USA. The exposure limit is 50 ppm, and toxic effects occur at 230 ppm. The blood level in one fatality was 4.4 mg/dl, and the brain level was 36 mg/100 g. Pathologic findings include central fatty necrosis and fatty infiltration in the liver and moderate cloudy swelling of renal tubular epithelium.
Acute, repeated inhalation toxicity, respiratory system irritation, and mutagenicity studies of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) as the impurity in the pharmaceutical propellant 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Yanjun Zhao, Huimin Sun, Fei Lin, Huiying Yang
HFA-134a is produced commercially by (1) the hydrofluorination of trichloroethylene via 1-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, (2) isomerization and hydrofluorination of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane to 1,1-dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane followed by hydrodechlorination, and (3) hydrofluorination of tetrachloroethylene to 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and subsequent hydrodechlorination to tetrafluoroethane (NRC 2002). However, many impurities will be generated no matter what kind of process, so the composition and content of impurities are also the key point of quality control for HFA-134a (Gehring et al.1992). Forty-five impurities of HFA-134a are regulated in European Pharmacopoeia (EP 2016) and acceptance Criteria of 38 impurities of HFA-134a are listed in the metered dose inhaler (MDI) and dry powder inhaler (DPI) Products Quality Considerations Guidance for Industry Draft guidance issued by FDA (CDER 2018).
Monitoring and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Karun River and drinking water Ahvaz city, South West of Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Sahand Jorfi, Ali Poormohammadi, Elham Maraghi, Halime Almasi
Analytical grade tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4, 95%), chlordane (C10H6Cl8,99%), dieldrin (C12H8Cl6O,85%), DDT (C14H9Cl5, 99.5%), heptachlor (C10H5Cl7, 99.5%), lindane (C6H6Cl6, 99.5%), endrin (C12H8Cl6O, 99%), methanol (CH3OH, 99%), acetone (99.5%), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 99.5%) were all purchased from Merck, Germany. Deionized water was purchased from Behan Company (Iran-Tehran). Methanol was used to prepare the stock standard solutions. Working solutions were prepared by diluting the standard stock. In order, to prevent the pesticide degradation, the stock solution was stored at 4 ˚C. The present study was carried out in two different water treatment plants (WTPs). The sample solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solution with determined volumes of deionized water (containing additives to adjust its ionic resistance). The working solutions with concentrations of 0.01 and 0.6 µg/L were prepared by diluting the stock solution, and the diluted solutions were prepared daily in order, to avoid laboratory error.
Facts and ideas from anywhere
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
The most contaminated military base in the USA is the US Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, located in Jacksonville, North Carolina. It is the largest Marine base on the East Coast, supporting a population of >100,000 Marines, their families, and civilian employees. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, a federal public health agency, completed a public health assessment of drinking water at the base and concluded that the people living and working at the base were exposed to “contaminants of concern” in their drinking water from 1953 through 1987. These chemicals included trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and benzene. Health issues associated with exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene include infertility, cancer (including a huge cluster of breast cancer in men), and neurobehavioral effects, among others. So many babies born at Camp Lejeune in the 1960s and 1970s died that a nearby cemetery had a section that parents called “Baby Heaven.” Children were born without craniums and with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Leukemia and lymphoma were common. Camp Lejeune closed most of the contaminated water wells in 1985, 5 years after the pollution was first discovered. Camp Lejeune is considered by scientists and federal investigators to be the worst and largest water contamination site our country has ever seen!