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Contingency Tables
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
For a χ2 distribution with 1 degree of freedom, Table A.6 tells us that the p-value is less than 0.001. Although we are considering only one tail of the chi-square distribution, the test is two-sided; large outcomes of can result when the observed value is larger than the expected value, and also when it is smaller. Since , we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportions of individuals suffering head injuries are not identical in the two populations. Among persons involved in bicycle accidents, the use of a safety helmet reduces the incidence of head injury.
Towards universal helmet use
Published in Kathy Knox, Krzysztof Kubacki, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele, Stakeholder Involvement in Social Marketing, 2020
Lukas Parker, Mirjam Sidik, Truong Thi Nguyet Trang
Road safety social marketing campaigns and interventions, such as increasing seat belt use, maintaining safe driving speeds, adherence to traffic signals, and not driving while impaired by drugs, are focused on behavioural compliance, i.e. adhering to a road law. Legislation provides a legal framework with which citizens are expected to comply, and there can be penalties associated with non-compliance. Behavioural compliance campaigns typically have three elements: a legislative element, an enforcement element, and an education or advertising element (see Figure 12.1). Education and advertising may focus on the full range of benefits of maintaining the desired behaviour, but there is typically underlying alignment to both legislation and enforcement elements. For instance, wearing a helmet will make you less likely to suffer a head injury in the event of a crash (benefit). Also, you might be fined by the police if you are caught not wearing a helmet (consequence of non-compliance). The challenge for social marketers in this space is that in most instances people will not crash, if they do crash it is typically only minor, and law enforcement is limited to police resources.
Equestrian Sports
Published in Mark R. Lovell, Ruben J. Echemendia, Jeffrey T. Barth, Michael W. Collins, Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports, 2020
Donna K. Broshek, Amy M. Brazil, Jason R. Freeman, Jeffrey T. Barth
By wearing bicycle helmets in the place of certified equestrian helmets, riders sacrifice adequate head protection. A fall from a horse is very different than one from a bicycle; therefore, helmets used in the two sports cannot be substituted for each other. A fall from a horse is from a height greater than one from a bicycle and while bicycle falls are usually forward, most likely injuring the top and front of the rider’s head, the back and sides of the head are equally vulnerable in equestrian sport accidents (www.horsecountry.com/safety.html). Helmets are designed under standards based on the nature of the possible injuries a rider may sustain. Because equestrian helmets are the only helmets designed to withstand the mechanisms of kicks, falls and ejections, and the intensities of other horse-related injuries, there are no effective substitutes.
Trends in Sports-Related Ocular Trauma in United States Emergency Departments from 2010 to 2019: Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Veshesh Patel, Parastou Pakravan, Divy Mehra, Arjun Watane, Nicolas A. Yannuzzi, Jayanth Sridhar
There are various prevention efforts that may reduce ocular injuries caused by sports. Inadequate or underutilization of eye protection for ball-related sports, such as baseball, tennis, and basketball has been reported, and without eye protection, individuals are more likely to sustain an ocular injury.12 More than 70% of US children participate in sports, and accordingly, there are efforts to reduce sports-related ocular trauma.13 Examples of implementing safety include wearing helmets and encouraging the use of proper eye wear protection, such as glasses or goggles. Helmets are mandatory in sports, such as baseball and football, but improper wear can lead to an increased risk for ocular injuries. It is important to position and properly fit the helmet to protect the eye. Eye protection is not mandatory in most ball-related sports, such as basketball and soccer; however, wearing protective glasses can significantly reduce ocular injuries such as corneal/scleral abrasions and lacerations (penetrating injury).14,15 Another way to prevent ocular injuries is to educate coaches, players, referees, and parents the importance of eye safety and protection when participating in sports. As adolescents appear to be at high risk, this type of education should be introduced early in development.
Assessment of the shock adsorption properties of bike helmets: a numerical/experimental approach
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Massimiliano Bocciarelli, Valter Carvelli, Stefano Mariani, Matteo Tenni
As far as TBI issues and helmet beneficial effects are concerned, in agreement with the simple classification proposed in (Andena et al. 2016) sports can be subdivided into two main categories: a former one, including e.g., cycling and alpine skiing, characterized by medium-high energy impacts caused by accidental events seldom happening; a latter one, including e.g., American football and ice hockey, characterized instead by low energy impacts that can be repeated several times during a match. In this work, protective helmets for the first sports category are studied. Even though bike and ski helmets are typically made of very similar polymeric materials and are all constituted by a rigid external shell and by a soft inner liner, they are subjected to impacts of different energy levels and, on top of all, have to work under very different environmental conditions. For comfort needs, bike helmets have a geometry more complex than ski ones, with ventilation openings that may worsen their shock adsorption capability.
Safety of motorized two-wheeler riders in the formal and informal transport sector
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2020
Maria Isabel Gutierrez, Dinesh Mohan
MTW helmet use has been found to reduce risk of severe injury by greater than 70% and death by nearly 40% (Mayhew, 1990). In another study, after adjusting for age and crash characteristics, helmeted motorcyclists were 2.4× less likely to sustain brain injuries or skull fractures than non-helmeted motorcyclists (Kardamanidis et al., 2010). Laws imposing helmet use can increase their use to over 90% if they are enforced effectively (Russell, 2011). The introduction of compulsory helmet laws has generally been associated with a decline in head injuries, fatalities, hospital stays and medical costs (Deutermann, 2004; Espitia-Hardeman et al., 2008a; Liu, Ivers, Norton, Boufous, & Blows, 2007). Helmet quality is important, with standard-helmets being associated with less-severe head injuries than nonstandard helmets (Kraus et al., 1991; Servadei et al., 2003). A Malaysian study found that only 54% of 500 motorcyclists used helmets properly and that younger, less educated males without licenses were less likely to wear helmets (Lin & Kraus, 2009).