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Equestrian Sports
Published in Mark R. Lovell, Ruben J. Echemendia, Jeffrey T. Barth, Michael W. Collins, Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports, 2020
Donna K. Broshek, Amy M. Brazil, Jason R. Freeman, Jeffrey T. Barth
By wearing bicycle helmets in the place of certified equestrian helmets, riders sacrifice adequate head protection. A fall from a horse is very different than one from a bicycle; therefore, helmets used in the two sports cannot be substituted for each other. A fall from a horse is from a height greater than one from a bicycle and while bicycle falls are usually forward, most likely injuring the top and front of the rider’s head, the back and sides of the head are equally vulnerable in equestrian sport accidents (www.horsecountry.com/safety.html). Helmets are designed under standards based on the nature of the possible injuries a rider may sustain. Because equestrian helmets are the only helmets designed to withstand the mechanisms of kicks, falls and ejections, and the intensities of other horse-related injuries, there are no effective substitutes.
Traffic Injury Prevention: Strategies That Work
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Ann M. Dellinger, David A. Sleet, Merissa A. Yellman
Bicycle helmets are effective in preventing head injury, brain injury, facial injury, and death.72–74 However, only about half of children ages five to 14 years always wear their helmets when riding,75 and 21 states in the United States have laws in place that require young riders to wear helmets. No state law requires adults to wear helmets.76 Interventions designed to increase bicycle helmet use generally target children and adolescents, as does legislation requiring helmet use. Legislation with supporting helmet promotional activities has successfully increased observed helmet use and reduced injury and death in the United States and abroad.77–80 Community-based interventions that included free helmets and an educational component had the strongest evidence of effectiveness, along with school-based interventions and those that subsidized helmets.81
Reducing unintentional injury in children and young people – the evidence
Published in Ruth Chambers, Kirsty Licence, AI Aynsley-Green, Looking after Children in Primary Care, 2018
Cycle helmet use has been shown to reduce head and facial injuries in collisions and falls.13 Measures to increase uptake include education and promotion campaigns, discount purchase schemes and legislation.6,7 Legislation has been used in several countries and although head injury rates have fallen, the impact on overall injury rates is less clear and there is some evidence that the level of cycling among the affected population has fallen. Legislation may be more effective if it follows campaigns that make cycle helmet wearing more acceptable so that cycling uptake does not diminish.
A comparison of parent and child perspectives about barriers to and facilitators of bicycle helmet and booster seat use
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2020
Caroline C. Piotrowski, Lynne Warda, Curt Pankratz, Kate Dubberley, Kelly Russell, Harriet Assam, Mateja Carevic
Booster seats and bicycle helmets help save children’s lives and reduce the risk of serious and disabling injuries. A recent meta-analysis of the overall effects of bicycle helmets indicated that they reduce head injury by 48%, serious head injury by 60%, traumatic brain injury by 53%, and the total number of killed or seriously injured cyclists by 34% (Høye, 2018). Work evaluating the effectiveness of child safety seats found that, when compared with seat belts, their use reduced mortality risk by 28% in children aged 2 through 6 years (Elliot et al., 2006). Given these compelling findings, many jurisdictions across Canada and the United States now have laws requiring mandatory bicycle helmet and booster seat usage for children. Although these laws have been shown to contribute to substantial declines in child injuries and deaths in Canada and elsewhere (MacPherson & Spinks, 2008; Mannix et al., 2012), road traffic injuries involving cyclists and motor vehicle occupants remain the leading cause of serious injuries and death for children over one year of age (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2011).
Helmet use and bicycle-related trauma injury outcomes
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Lagina R. Scott, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Anaheed Shirazi, Deyu Pan, Steven Lee, Stacey A. Teruya, Magda Shaheen
Bicycle helmets have been shown to protect against severe brain injuries and death (5–7). Using detailed finite element simulations, one study has even illustrated the real-time protective effect of a helmet in a bicycle accident (8). Despite such research, less than half of children and adults in the United States report wearing a helmet while riding (9). The promotion of an all-ages bicycle helmet law is a fundamental preventative strategy for reducing major bicycle-related head trauma (10). Past studies in the United States, in fact, also suggest that implementing an all-ages bicycle helmet law would result in decreasing the severity of head injuries and bicycle-related fatalities (9,11,12). However, the effect of mandatory helmet use does not appear equal and even across all racial and ethnic groups. In one study, for example, the increase in usage was greater among White students. This effect results in an even greater disparity in injury and death rates when compared to racial and ethnic minorities (13). Another study showed that 6 years after helmet legislation in Toronto children riding in high-income areas were significantly more likely to wear a helmet while riding bicycles than children in low-income areas across all years. (13)
Electrically assisted pedal cycles: is new legislation required to mitigate increased head injury risk?
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2021
Sandhya Trichinopoly Krishna, Stuart Roberts, Ronan Dardis
The cycle helmet comprises of an outer shell made up of smooth, hard polycarbonates, which helps the helmet skid more easily on impact. The second layer in a bicycle helmet is a foam core that absorbs the force of the impact, protecting the head from damage. Commonly used materials are expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, expanded polypropylene (EPP) or expanded polyurethane (EPS). In the UK, helmets must meet standard EN1078 via the identical British Standard BS EN 1078:2012, but this means that a helmet has only been tested to withstand an impact similar to an average rider travelling at 12 mph falling onto a stationary kerb shaped object from a height of 1 metre.23 The legislated maximum speed of EAPCs exceeds these criteria.