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Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
In Asian countries, incense burning is often done for religious ceremony. People usually ignite incense sticks with a flame, then these sticks continue to burn by releasing fragrant smoke (fumes). A typical composition of stick incense consists of 21% herbal and wood powder such as cinnamon, agarwood, sandalwood; 35% fragrance material (essential oils); 11% adhesive powder; and 33% bamboo stick. Incense smoke contains particulate matter, gas products, and many organic compounds (180). The gas products from burning incense include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and others. Incense burning also produces volatile organic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes, as well as aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (180). These gases have harmful effects on health. When incense smokes are inhaled mostly in closed room, they can cause respiratory system dysfunction such as asthma, nasopharyngitis, and also lung cancer. Many scientific publications have highlighted the carcinogenic effects of incense smokes in experimental studies as well as in human observations (180–182). However, the results concerning lung cancer in humans are still controversial. This is due to the difference methods of making incense sticks. In short, do not burn incense sticks in closed rooms, and avoid exposing yourself to incense smoke even in the open air.
Inhalational Durg Abuse
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard Rowley, Herbert D. Kleber, Peter Jatlow
Nitrous oxide is a colorless gas with a sweetish odor. It is a weak anesthetic agent but a potent analgesic, with a 50% concentration in the inspired air equivalent to 10 mg of morphine given intramuscularly. After inhalation of the gas, there is euphoria, relaxation, lightheadedness, and a “detached” attitude toward pain and the surroundings (Steward, 1985). Nitrous oxide increases the respiratory depression caused by opiates and other anesthetic gases, and results in mild cardiovascular depression.
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Published in Frank Lynn Iber, Alcohol and Drug Abuse as Encountered in Office Practice, 2020
Psychosis resembling acute schizophrenia, depression, or dysphoria meeting all criteria for chronic depression may occur in persons during a cycle of intense use of cocaine. In other instances, there may be a panic reaction with extreme fear of loss of sanity; an arrhythmia or even myocardial infarction may result because of the panic attack. Panic reactions are not recurrent, but may occur after any sequential use. Evaluation includes history and physical examination for trauma and other treatable diseases. Blood and urine are sent for drug screening. Blood gases are particularly useful in assessing the severity of the reaction and determining the need for hospitalization. Adrenergic hyperactivity will be observed with tachycardia, dilated pupils, severe sweating with warm skin, hypertension, and tachyrhythmias.
An in-vitro analysis to evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma jet in Enterococcus faecalis infected root canals
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2023
Pravin Kumar, P. Soundharrajan, Ram Prakash, Sarika Prabhakar Kombade, Pankaj Yadav, Ankita Chugh, Arun Kumar Patnana
In our present study, at 10 min of exposure time CAP Plasma jet showed maximum efficiency when compared to other time intervals, but did not result in complete elimination CFUs. The results of the current study contradict the previous reports which showed that 10 min of plasma exposure resulted in the complete elimination of E.Faecalis [18]. This could be due to differences in geometry and in the gases used in the two studies. Previous studies have used Helium/Argon with oxygen as working gases however in the current study Helium was used as the only working gas. He/O2 plasma was more effective than He plasma, due to the presence of more reactive oxygen species in He/O2 plasma. The lesser reduction in CFUs by the CAP Plasma jet used in the present study may be attributed to this lack of oxygen utilisation as part of its geometry. To improve the antibacterial effectiveness of the CAP Plasma jet modification in the following factors jet length, jet power, jet volume, and flow rate of the gases can be considered.
Implementation of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fine–Kinney method (FKM) against risk factors to determine the total cost of occupational health and safety precautions in environmental research laboratories
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
The risk of poisoning due to gases released from the analysis was calculated by multiplying the possibility (6), frequency (2) and effect (7) values by each other and found to be 84 in the FKM (Table 15). The numerical result of the poisoning risk (84) was found between 70 and 200 in the FKM (Table 15). According to the FKM, poisoning due to gases released from the analysis is a significant risk and ‘should be enhanced in a long period (in a year)’ (Table 15). Gases released from the analysis and chemicals used in the analysis can poison laboratory personnel (Table 15). They may be exposed to transient damage/injury or hospital treatment in a case of poisoning (Table 15). Occupational health and safety training should be provided to all laboratory personnel for all studied laboratories (Table 15). If the analysis requires, fume hoods usage must be provided for all laboratory personnel (Table 15). Although L-5 and L-6 have fume hoods, they are defective and should be repaired immediately (Table 15). Periodic maintenance for the ventilation system should be done every year in L-1 and L-10 (Table 15). The appropriate PPE is the cartridge respirator instead of a medical mask in case gas is released from the analysis and chemicals (Table 15). The cartridge respirators should be supplied to all personnel if the analysis releases gases (Table 15).
Emergency response plan for methane and chlorine with dispersion modelling using CAMEO
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Chinnakannu Jayakumar, Steffy Isac, D. M. Reddy Prasad
An emergency is a condition that is caused by an incident that can cause serious injury, loss of life or extensive damage to plants and property. Emergency conditions arise by powers that are either man-made or naturally occurring [14]. The wastewater is collected at the sewage treatment plant (STP) and transferred to a treatment facility where contaminants are reduced prior to discharge. There is a reduced risk to public health and the environment when these systems operate as intended. However, there may be increased risks in the event of an emergency, as hazardous and flammable gases are stored and used in the plant [15,16]. Domestic sewage contains various sludge. This is digested by a sludge digester, which produces methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), etc. The produced gases are stored in a gas holder. The composition of wastewater digester gas varies, though the primary constituents are methane and carbon dioxide. Trace amounts of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen sulphide may also be present. While the gas compensation will fluctuate depending on temperatures and the process itself, the methane-rich gas (∼60–70% methane) becomes an attractive energy source. A major emergency is created due to the leakage of the stored gas. Since methane has the highest composition (60–75%) compared to all other gases, it is taken for further analysis.