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Diagnostic Imaging in Inhalation Lung Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Caroline Chiles, Laurence W. Hedlund, Charles E. Putman
Clearance of radionuclides from the lungs has been used to diagnose inhalation injury (Lull et al, 1980; Moylan et al, 1972; Moylan and Chan, 1978; Schall et al., 1978). Intravenous injection of 10 mCi 133Xe dissolved in saline is followed by serial gamma camera imaging of the lungs at 30 sec intervals (Fig. 6). In a normal person, there is complete clearing of the xenon from the lungs at 90-150 sec after injection. Delayed clearance of xenon identifies inhalation injury, although false-positive studies occur in patients with underlying pulmonary diseases (emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis) or as a result of other acute pulmonary disease, including pneumonia. Delayed clearance of xenon corresponding to inhalation injury may be detected before the chest radiograph demonstrates abnormality. A perfusion scan, obtained using a 4 mCi dose of [99mTc] macroaggregated albumin (MAA), can be obtained to detect perfusion abnormalities related to pulmonary emboli.
X-ray Vision: Diagnostic X-rays and CT Scans
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
Water is defined to have zero CT number, while fatty tissues have CT numbers less than zero, and most other tissues values greater than zero. The largest CT numbers correspond to the bones, and the lowest to air in the lungs or bowel. The number of bits used to represent CT numbers determines how small a difference in absorption can be stored, as explained in the previous section. The detectors used to measure the x-ray intensities can also discriminate between minute variations, enabling CT scanners to have excellent discrimination between similar values of x-ray absorption coefficient. Tiny variations in x-ray absorption between different types of soft tissues can be easily measured and displayed. CT images can be used to clearly distinguish organs, blood vessels, and other soft tissue anatomy, often eliminating the need for contrast media. When contrast is still needed, principally to study blood flow, smaller amounts of the contrast dyes used in radiography can be used. For example, the inert gas xenon can be used in CT for imaging blood flow in the brain by having the person to be scanned inhale a mixture of xenon and oxygen. As the xenon is absorbed into the blood, the relatively radiopaque xenon reveals the blood flow pattern without the need for iodine contrast and its associated risks.
General Anesthetics
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
Xenon is an inert gas and in 1951, it was brought into practice as a first anesthetic agent. Because of difficulty in production and extraordinary nature, it must prepare from air which increases its cost. Being insoluble in blood and other tissues, xenon produces anesthetic state at a faster rate and rapid emergency from anesthesia. When administer with 30% oxygen, xenon gas produces acceptable level of anesthesia. It has no significant effects on cardiac outflow, rhythm of heart, and systemic vascular resistance and does not affect lung function. Xenon is devoid of liver or kidney dysfunctioning and it is not biotransformed within human body (Lynch, 2000).
The effect of the Affordable Care Act on Medicaid payments in long-term care facilities
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2022
Victoria Walker, Morgan Ruley, Laikyn Nelson, Whitney Layton, Alberto Coustasse
Bowling et al. found that the number of insured patients decreased while the number of Medicaid patients rose [41]. There was a 73% rise in Medicaid reimbursements to providers, but it was not renewed after 2014. Xenon Health reported that without the expansion, there was a 42.8% drop in Medicaid reimbursements to physicians [42]. Walker et al., affirmed that the place of service, represented a considerable role in payment throughout the nursing home industry [43]. LTCH affirmed that requirements in 2017 had to meet or exceed data thresholds that included an 80% set for completion of quality measures data collection and another set at 100%. CMS specified that LTCH care dataset continuity assessments had been required, and detailed forms have been documented for providers to fill out for admissions, expired, and discharged patients.
Evaluation of xenon, light-emitting diode (LED) and halogen light toxicity on cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Taha Sezer, Muhammed Altinisik, Eray Metin Guler, Abdurrahim Kocyigit, Hakan Ozdemir, Arif Koytak
Apoptosis assay showed early and late apoptotic rates of 0.32 and 1.25%, respectively, in the control group at 30th minute. The early and late apoptotic rates in the xenon group were 0.27 and 2.35%, respectively. These values were 0.40 and 3.17% in the LED group and 0.47 and 2.87% in the halogen group. At 30th minute, there was no statistically significant difference in early or late apoptosis between the four groups (Graphic 3, p = 0.78).