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Classification of Toxins in Humans
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines pesticides as substances or a mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. In general, pesticides are classified according to the biological target or organism killed. Four major classes of pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides (Tables 4.13 and 4.14). Because of the physiological and biochemical similarities between target species and mammalian organisms, there is an inherent toxicity associated with pesticides in the latter. In addition, within each classification, compounds are identified according to mechanism of action, chemical structure, or synthetic source. For instance, although there are many fungicide categories, fungicidal toxicity in humans is mostly of low order. Similarly, fumigants range from carbon tetrachloride to ethylene oxide and are used to kill insects, roundworms, and fungi in soil, stored grain, fruits, and vegetables. Their toxicity, however, is limited to occasional occupational exposure.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Fumigants have extraordinary power to penetrate the lining membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and the skin. They also penetrate the rubber and plastics used in protective garb, and they are not efficiently taken up by conventional absorbents used in ordinary respirators. These properties make the protection of applicator personnel very difficult, essentially mandating methods of use that do not require on-site operator handling.616
Neurotoxicity of Pesticides
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Matthew C. Keifer, Jordan Firestone
Fumigants are notorious for their serious acute and chronic central nervous system effects, so many of these chemicals are no longer used. Among those with important central neurological effects that are still registered for use are methyl bromide, ethylene oxide and sulfuryl fluoride.
Lethality and effects on biological and population growth parameters of ladybird predator Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) treated by some plant essential oils
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Saeed Shaltoki, Hooshang Rafiee Dastjerdi, Ali Golizadeh, Mahdi Hassanpour, Asgar Ebadollahi, Vahid Mahdavi
Based on the preliminary experiment, appropriate concentrations of each studied essential oil, initiated about 20–80% mortality rates, were selected for fumigant toxicity bioassay. The concentrations used were dumped onto 3 cm in diameter filter paper (Whatman Grade 40) adhered into the cap of 250 ml glass as a breathing chamber. The cap was screwed tightly on the vial containing 20 first-instar larvae or eggs of H. variegata. All experiments were conducted without adding essential oils for control groups. Each concentration and the control were replicated four times, and the mortality of larvae was determined after 24 h exposure time. Also, the number of dead eggs was counted 72 after exposure to the essential oils (Negahban et al. 2007). Natural mortality in untreated controls was modified by using the Abbott correction formula (Abbott 1925).
Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oils and various extracts of two Thymus species: Thymus cariensis and Thymus cilicicus
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Selçuk Küçükaydın, Gülsen Tel-Çayan, Mehmet Emin Duru, Memiş Kesdek, Mehmet Öztürk
On the other hand, that insect is well known for its high fertility rates and developing fast resistances to traditional synthetic agrochemicals (Alyokhin et al.2008). For this reason, plant essential oils and extracts considered as an alternative to conventional pesticides due to their high volatility and low toxicity to warmblooded mammals (Goudarzvand Chegini and Abbasipour 2017). Several studies have been conducted around the world to test natural products for their potential insecticide or fumigant activities for minimizing the environmental problems of synthetic insecticides (Nerio et al.2010). Even so, there is an urgent need to develop safe alternatives that have the potential to replace toxic synthetic fumigants (Pavela and Benelli 2016). Insecticidal activities of several EOs, their components, and plant extracts have been reported against various insect species (Sajfrtova et al.2013, Ben El Hadj Ali et al.2015, Park et al.2016, 2017).
Encapsulation of Ruta essential oil in chitosan and alginate matrices as an ecological alternative for the control of nematodes
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Duvan Fernando Castillo, Rubén Albeiro Sánchez-Andica, Brayan Fernando Enriquez, Jaime Restrepo, Martha Isabel Páez-Melo
The excessive use of synthetic agrochemicals and toxic fumigants has become essential in maximising agricultural production worldwide, but their indiscriminate use and failure to respect prevalence times generate residues in food, environmental contamination, increasing resistance to pesticides, and the destruction of beneficial insects, thus putting human health at risk.