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Haiti
Published in Ebby Elahi, World Compendium of Healthcare Facilities and Nonprofit Organizations, 2021
Aims to increase access to acute- and intensive-care services for children, recognizing that a significant amount of childhood mortality is preventable. Utilizes time, talents, and resources and seeks to persuade others to share their gifts to enrich the lives of children worldwide.
Children’s Experiences of Illness
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
Central to the experience of medical supervision and treatment for children in the developed world has been a dramatic shift in the diseases children suffer and die from, and in the way doctors and families understand the diseases of childhood. Improved nutrition and sanitation, together with immunization and antibiotics have removed infectious diseases as the major foes of children in the developed world. Many of the great killers of the nineteenth century — diphtheria, whooping cough, scarlatina, malaria and small-pox — are now largely abolished. Other feared diseases, such as gastroenteritis, polio and measles, also now hold little fear for children or their attendants. Instead, the position once held by infectious disease is now occupied by the new mortalities — diseases with social and environmental causes. Overall childhood mortality has diminished dramatically over the twentieth century, and accidents and injuries at home and on the roads, congenital illnesses, and cancer now account for most childhood deaths. However, among adolescents there has been no change in overall mortality rates in the last fifty years, as deaths from social disorders such as drug abuse, accidents, suicide and homicide balance the reduction in infectious disease mortality.
Shigella: Insights into the Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Periyanaina Kesika, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
The most common childhood mortality and morbidity in developing countries are due to two major life-threatening diseases, namely, pneumonia and diarrheal diseases.1–3 The severe diarrheal diseases are caused by bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter), viruses (e.g., norovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus), and parasites (e.g., Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium).3 The intracellular pathogenic bacteria, Shigella and Salmonella, are the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality.4,5
Bringing Sickle Cell Disease Care Closer to Home: Feasibility and Efficacy of a Quality Improvement Initiative at a Community Hospital
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
Sickle cell disease is the most common clinically significant monogenic disorder with over 300,000 children born worldwide, annually [1]. Sickle cell disease is characterized by severe pain, stroke, avascular necrosis, retinopathy and increased susceptibility to infections [2]. This results in a natural history of early death with childhood mortality of 50.0–90.0% in low resource settings [3]. Access to comprehensive care centers for sickle cell disease in developed nations has dramatically improved childhood mortality rates to less than 7.0% [4–6]. This is in part attributable to a significant reduction in pain, hospitalizations and mortality with hydroxyurea (HU), the only widely available treatment for sickle cell disease [7,8]. Other important features of comprehensive care for this condition include access to regular clinic visits for patient education, screening for complications, vaccinations for functional asplenia and penicillin prophylaxis. These have also been shown to improve morbidity and mortality in this population [9]. However, frequent pain in childhood and early adult mortality remain challenges in treating this population [5]. Contributing to this is a lack of education in patients and health care providers regarding sickle cell disease care [10,11]. Transition age patients with sickle cell disease have been demonstrated to be at particularly high risk of morbidity and mortality due to factors related to transfer of care from pediatric to adult care and psychosocial factors related to young adulthood [6,12].
Historical development of the statistical classification of causes of death and diseases
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Musaed Ali Alharbi, Godfrey Isouard, Barry Tolchard
The World Health Organization’s (WHO, 1978b) Declaration of Alma-Ata produced a greater awareness of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Developed nations, along with some developing nations, began taking responsibility for global health funding and assisting poorer nations. This included responses to worldwide health crises, such as the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). This global epidemic created a significant burden for providers of healthcare worldwide (De Maeseneer et al., 2008). In addition, the United Nation’s (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 and 5 targeted the pitiful state of maternal and child health in many poorer countries, and simultaneously highlighted the benefits of intensified scale-ups based on clinical statistics evidence. The 2015 MDG outcomes showed that since 1990, the worldwide under-five childhood mortality rate had reduced by more than 50% and maternal mortality by 47%; the mortality rates of HIV, malaria, and other diseases reduced by 40%. In many regions, reductions were achieved late in the given period, as health information analytical methods were refined to reveal neglected areas that required intense scale-ups (Way, 2015).
Challenges and facilitators to the provision of sexual, reproductive health and rights services in Ghana
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2020
James Akazili, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Dominic Anaseba, Veloshnee Govender, Georges Danhoundo, Augustina Koduah
Ghana has a population of about 30 million people. Administratively, the country is sub-divided into 16 regions, and 216 districts.18,19 Ghana’s female population is slightly higher than the male (50.8% vs. 49.2%) and about 56.1% of the population live in urban settlements.19 Life expectancy is 63 years while total fertility currently is 4.0.15,20 Maternal and child mortality are relatively high. The main causes of maternal deaths in Ghana are obstetric haemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, abortion-related complications and infectious diseases.15,21 Under-five mortality is higher in rural settings (56 deaths per 1000 live births) compared to urban settings (48 deaths per 1000 live births). Childhood mortality is also disproportionately distributed among the regions of the country with the Greater Accra region having the lowest rate of 42 deaths per 1000 live births while the Upper West region (Ghana’s poorest region) has the highest under-five mortality rate of 78 deaths per 1000 live births.15 Antenatal care (ANC), child health care (vaccinations etc.) and nutrition services are largely supported with donor funds and are free, but the concern is whether the gains could be sustained as donors support dwindles.22